Table 1.
Passive thermal management wearables
| References | Active/ passive | Heat transfer mechanism | Capability to cooling and heating | Thermal management performance | Energy consumption | Flexible/ stretchable | Breathability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [5] | Passive | Latent heat storage | Heating | High thermal conductivity (5.34 W m−1 K−1), high enthalpy (125.2 J g−1) | No | Flexible | |
| [6] | Passive | Latent heat storage | Heating | N/A | No | Flexible/ stretchable | No |
| [7] | Passive | Latent heat storage | Cooling & heating | Phase change temperature from 5 to 60 °C with varying PEG molecular weights and high latent heat (118.7 J g−1) | No (Yes for electrical heating) | Flexible | No |
| [8] | Passive | Latent heat storage | Cooling & heating | High dimension retention ratio (98.1%) and latent heat value (163.3 J g−1) | No | Flexible/ stretchable | Breathable |
| [9] | Passive | Latent heat storage | Cooling & heating | Latent heat (158.65 J g−1) and economic benefits (4.85 × 10−3 ¥ J−1) | No | Flexible | No |
| [10] | Passive | Heat conduction | N/A | Thermal conductivity of 1.37 W m−1 K−1 | No (Yes for sensing) | Flexible/ stretchable | Breathable |
| [11] | Passive | Heat conduction | N/A | Thermal conductivity (20–30 W m−1 K−1) | No | Flexible | No |
| [12] | Passive | Latent heat storage & heat conduction | Cooling & heating | Enthalpy of 206.0 J g−1 | No | Flexible | No |
| [13] | Passive | Latent heat storage & heat conduction | N/A | Thermal diffusivity of 0.307 mm2 s−1 and latent heat of 94.29 J cm−3 | No | Stretchable | No |
| [14] | Passive | Thermal insulation | N/A | Low thermal conductivity of 0.031 W·m–1 K–1 and high heat resistance (> 500 °C) | No | Stretchable | No |
| [15] | Passive | Thermal insulation | N/A | N/A | No | Flexible | No |
| [16] | Passive | Thermal insulation | N/A | Temperature-invariant compression resilience from − 196 to 1000 °C, and thermal conductivity as low as 0.034 W·m−1 K−1 | No | Stretchable | Breathable |
| [17] | Passive | Thermal insulation | N/A | High-temperature resistance < 1,300 °C and low thermal conductivity of 0.0322 W m−1 K−1 | No | Flexible | No - |
| [18] | Passive | Thermal insulation | N/A | Temperature-invariant superelasticity from − 196 to 1100 °C, low thermal conductivity of 0.0223 W m−1 K−1 | No | Flexible | No - |
| [19] | Passive | Thermal insulation | N/A | Excellent thermal stability at temperatures as high as 1200 °C in butane blow torch or as low as − 196 °C in liquid nitrogen and a thermal conductivity of 28.4 mW m−1 K−1 | No | Stretchable | No - |
| [20] | Passive | Photothermal effect | Heating |
Temperature increase of ∼111 ± 2.6 °C after the application of 600 mW cm–2 light irradiation for 5 min a high optical transmittance of ∼83% |
No | Stretchable | No |
| [21] | Passive | Photothermal effect | Heating | Temperature increases of 60 °C | No | Flexible | No |
| [22] | Passive | Photothermal effect | Heating | 19.7 °C increase with a light intensity of 1,000 W m−2, | No | Stretchable | No |
| [23] | Passive | Photothermal effect | Heating | Light absorbance of > 95% from ultraviolet to far infrared range | No | Flexible | No |
| [24] | Passive | Photothermal effect | Heating | Equilibrium temperature of 65.4 °C under one-sun illumination | No (Yes for electrical heating) | Stretchable | No |
| [25] | Passive | Photothermal effect | Heating | Passive radiative heating (4.9 °C higher than conventional cotton), Solar heating (73.5 °C) | No (Yes for electrical heating) | Flexible | Breathable |
| [26] | Passive | Sweat evaporation & heat conduction | Cooling | 50% higher evaporation rate (1.6 mL h−1) than conventional fabrics | No | Flexible | Breathable |
| [27] | Passive | Sweat evaporation | Cooling |
Sweating rate (520 mL h m2 h−1) ~ 32.3 °C (on the other hand, the temperature of skin covered with normal wicking layer ~ 35.9 °C) |
No | Flexible | Breathable |
| [28] | Passive | Sweat evaporation | Cooling | Forward transportation capability of 1,115%, Backward transportation capability of − 1509% | No | Flexible | Breathable |
| [29] | Passive | Sweat evaporation & heat conduction | Cooling | one-way transport index (1072%), water evaporation rate (0.36 g h−1) | No | Stretchable | Breathable |
| [30] | Passive | Sweat evaporation and heat conduction | Cooling | 3 times higher skin power density (dq/dv) increment than conventional cotton, ~ 3 °C lower than the human body covered with cotton | No | Flexible | Breathable |
| [31] | Passive | Radiative cooling | Cooling | ~ 8, ~ 12.5, ~ 19 °C lower than the same skin covered with natural silk or cotton or left uncovered, respectively | No | Flexible | Breathable |
| [32] | Passive | Radiative cooling | Cooling | ~ 4.8 °C lower than the human body covered with commercial cotton fabric | No | Stretchable | Breathable |
| [33] | Passive | Radiative cooling & photothermal | Cooling & Heating | Cooling: 3.7 °C lower than the skin simulator covered with white cotton, Heating: 6.2 °C higher than the skin simulator covered with black cotton | No | Flexible | Breathable |
| [34] | Passive | Radiative cooling & sweat evaporation | Cooling | ~ 4.2 °C lower than the human body covered with commercial cotton textile | No | Flexible | Breathable |
| [35] | Passive | Radiative cooling & sweat evaporation | Cooling | ~ 16.6 °C lower than the commercial textiles, including a contribution from sweat management (~ 8.2 °C) | No | Flexible | Breathable |
| [36] | Passive | Radiative cooling & sweat evaporation | Cooling |
~ 2.6 °C lower than that of cotton without perspiration ~ 1.0 °C lower than that of cotton only with evaporation cooling |
No | Flexible | Breathable |
| [37] | Passive | Radiative cooling & Sweat evaporation | Cooling | ~ 21.9 °C lower than the traditional cotton-covered skin simulator | No | Flexible | Breathable |