Table 2.

Active thermal management wearables

References	Active/ passive	Heat transfer mechanism	Capability to cooling and heating	Thermal management performance	Energy consumption	Flexible/ stretchable	Breathability
[38]	Active	Heat conduction	Heating	272 °C at 2.5 V, 89 °C at 1.4 V where environmental temperature was − 30 °C, saturation time of 6 s	0.85–4.25 W	Stretchable	No
[39]	Active	Heat conduction	Heating	Up to 80 °C depending on input voltage	0.11–4.05 W	Stretchable	Yes
[40]	Active	Heat conduction	Heating	Up to 45 °C by safety feedback control@@100 °C at 6 V, saturation time 16 s	1.0–1.6 W	Flexible	Yes
[41]	Active	Heat conduction	Heating	Up to 40 °C by considering conduction, saturation time 1–2 s, 120 °C at 7 V	1.0–6.0 V	Stretchable	Yes
[42]	Active	Heat conduction	Heating	saturation time < 0.6 s by active control, target temperature 25.5 to 36 °C	1.94 W for blue color	Flexible	No
[43]	Active	Heat conduction/ convection	Both	3–58 °C for robot hand@@27 s to phase transit solid gallium microgranule to liquid@@49 s from liquid to solid	N/A (liquid injection)	Flexible	No
[44]	Active	Heat conduction/ convection	Cooling	− 1.4 °C for nerve temp, maximum cooling rate of 3 °C s−1	N/A (liquid injection)	Flexible	No
[45]	Active	Heat conduction/ convection	Cooling	35.3 to 20.3 °C, saturation time 300 s	N/A (liquid injection)	Flexible	No
[46]	Active	Heat conduction/ convection	Both	N/A	16 μW cm-2 (generation)	Flexible	No
[47]	Active	Heat conduction	Both	ΔT = 10.1 K, Q = 5.0 kJ kg−1 at room temp (under 60 MV m−1)	N/A	Flexible	No
[48]	Active	Heat conduction	Both	ΔT = 22.5 K at room temp (under 1,200 kV cm−1)	N/A	Flexible	No
[49]	Active	Heat conduction	Both	ΔT = 12 K at room temp ΔT/ΔE = 0.007 K cm kV-1	N/A	Flexible	No
[50]	Active	Heat conduction	Both	ΔT = 13.99 K at -30 °C (under 1500 kV cm−1), ΔT = 5.08 K at 70 °C (under 1500 kV cm−1),	N/A	Flexible	No
[51]	Active	Heat conduction	Both	ΔT = 6 K (under 600 kV cm−1) with high thermal conductivity, saturation time 13.0 to 17.8 s	N/A	Flexible	No
[52]	Active	Heat conduction	Both	ΔT = 15 K, saturation time 3.52 s for heating, 4.48 s for cooling with active control	0.2–1.5 A	Stretchable	No
[53]	Active	Heat conduction	Both	10–50 °C for cloaking saturation time 5.1 s for heating, 6.4 s for cooling with active control	0.6–1.5 A	Flexible	No
[54]	Active	Heat conduction	Both	N/A	7.02 mW (generation)	Stretchable	No
[55]	Active	Heat conduction	Both	≈ 34 °C by PID controlled thermoregulation	0.7—2 A	Stretchable	No