Fig. 4.

Summary of wearable intraoral biosensing platforms for non-invasive salivary analysis. Lactate biosensor on a mouthguard (a, on the left). Reproduced with permission from Kim et al..⁸⁶ Mouthguard with biosensor and integrated electronics for real-time uric acid detection (a, on the right). Reproduced with permission from Kim et al..⁸⁶ Mouthguard with screen printed electrodes for N-Carboxymethyl lysine detection (b). Reproduced with permission from Ciui et al..¹⁷⁷ Glucose biosensing telemetry system (c, on the left), reproduced with permission from Arakawa et al.,¹⁷⁸ and a hybrid flexible bioelectronic platform for sodium monitoring (c, on the right). Tooth mounted hydrogel radiofrequency biosensor (d, on the left), reproduced with permission from Tseng et al.¹⁷⁹ and graphene-based biosensor for pathogen’s detection (d, on the right), reproduced with permission from Mannoor et al.⁹⁹