Table 1.
Baseline clinical characteristics and assessments of the study cohort.
| Total | APO | LCIG | STN-DBS | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of subjects | 66 | 13 | 19 | 34 | |
| Age of PD | 51.0 (45.0–57.0) | 51.0 (47.2–57.6) | 52.0 (44.0–57.0) | 51.0 (44.7–56.0) | 0.859 |
| Age at intervention | 62.0 (57.0–69.0) | 60.5 (54.7–68.5) | 67.0 (59.0–73.0) | 62.5 (55.0–67.2) | 0.130 |
| PD duration (years) | 10.0 (8.0–13.0) | 10.0 (8.0–11.0) | 13.0 (10.0–18.0)* | 10.0 (7.0–13.0) | 0.002 |
| LEDD (mg) | 1214.0 (850–1570.0) | 1098.0 (859.0–1289.7) | 1358.0 (1175.0–1696.0) | 1125.7 (741.2–1520.5) | 0.240 |
| Quality of life | |||||
| PDQ-39 SI | 34.0 (20.3–40.7) | 34.8 (23.5–39.7) | 38.8 (23.8–49.2) | 29.8 (17.7–39.4) | 0.131 |
| Non-motor symptoms | |||||
| UPDRS-I | 15.0 (11.0–21.0) | 16.5 (12.5–21.0) | 19.0 (13.0–24.0) | 13.0 (8.0–17.5)** | 0.031 |
| NMSS | 68.0 (43.0–88.0) | 66.0 (43.5–98.0) | 85.0 (53.0–121.0)* | 59.0 (31.5–71.2) | 0.005 |
| BDI | 12.0 (6.0–18.0) | 13.0 (6.5–19.2) | 14.0 (11.0–23.0) | 8.0 (4.7–17.0) | 0.052 |
| HADS | 11.0 (7.0–15.0) | 10.5 (6.0–18.2) | 13.0 (9.0–20.0) | 11.0 (5.7–15.0) | 0.277 |
| HADS-A | 6.0 (3.0–9.0) | 6.0 (3.0–8.2) | 8.0 (4.0–11.0) | 5.5 (3.0–7.2) | 0.254 |
| HADS-D | 5.0 (3.0–8.0) | 4.5 (2.0–10.0) | 6.0 (4.0–9.0) | 5.0 (3.0–7.2) | 0.241 |
| QUIP-RS | 6.0 (1.0–14.0) | 11.0 (2.0–19.0) | 9.0 (2.0–15.0) | 4.5 (0.0–8.0)*** | 0.040 |
| MoCA | 27.0 (25.0–29.0) | 26.0 (25.0–27.5) | 26.0 (24.0–28.0) | 28.0 (25.0–30.0) | 0.189 |
| ELFT | 41.0 (26.0–51.0) | 31.5 (25.5–45.7) | 32.0 (13.0–51.0) | 44.0 (37.0–52.2) | 0.082 |
| ACE-III | 91.0 (85.0–94.0) | 86.0 (77.2–90.0) | 87.0 (81.0–93.0) | 91.5 (88.5–95.0)*** | 0.001 |
| Motor function | |||||
| UPDRS-II | 20.0 (15.0–24.0) | 20.0 (16.0–25.0) | 22.0 (20.0–25.0) | 18.0 (12.0–21.5)** | 0.041 |
| UPDRS-III “Off-state” | 46.0 (38.0–57.0) | 47.0 (42.5–65.7) | 50.0 (42.0–64.0) | 40.0 (34.0–55.0)*** | 0.048 |
| UPDRS-III “On-state” | 28.0 (20.0–32.0) | 29.5 (25.2–36.0) | 30.0 (24.0–36.0) | 23.5 (17.0–30.0)*** | 0.032 |
| UPDRS-IV | 10.0 (8.0–12.0) | 10.0 (7.7–12.0) | 12.0 (10.0–13.0) | 9.5 (7.0–13.0) | 0.342 |
| HY | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) | 1.5 (1.0–2.0) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) | 0.144 |
| FOG-Q | 16.0 (0.0–21.0) | 18.5 (14.0–21.0) | 19.0 (13.0–23.0) | 4.0 (0.0–19.2)** | 0.006 |
| SEADL | 80.0 (70.0–90.0) | 80.0 (70.0–82.5) | 70.0 (60.0–80.0)& | 80.0 (80.0–90.0) | 0.049 |
| UDysRS | 28.0 (20.0–41.0) | 31.5 (19.7–40.0) | 32.0 (25.0–48.0) | 26.0 (14.7–40.7) | 0.283 |
| Caregiver scales | |||||
| ZCB | 17.0 (8.0–29.0) | 25.5 (11.5–29.2) | 24.0 (7.0–36.0) | 15.0 (7.7–21.0) | 0.185 |
| CSI | 4.0 (2.0–7.0) | 5.0 (1.7–8.0) | 5.0 (2.0–8.0) | 4.0 (0.7–6.2) | 0.322 |
| CBI-R | 27.0 (9.0–43.5) | 35.0 (14.5–35.0) | 41.0 (10.0–53.0) | 17.0 (7.0–30.0)*** | 0.026 |
All data were expressed as median with IQR. The asterisks and & symbol represent the group that had different baseline characteristics from the other two groups after Kruskal–Wallis analysis. Significant p value (<0.05) are shown in bold.
APO apomorphine, STN-DBS subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation, LCIG levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel infusion, PD Parkinson’s disease, H&Y Hoehn & Yahr scale, LEDD levodopa equivalent daily dose, MDS-UPDRS Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale, UDysRS unified dyskinesia rating scale, PDQ 39 39 item Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire SI, SEADL Schwab and England activities of daily living scale, FOG-Q new freezing of gait questionnaire, NMSS non-motor symptoms scale, BDI Beck depression inventory, HADS hospital anxiety and depression scale, HADS-A hospital anxiety and depression scale anxiety score, HADS-D hospital anxiety and depression scale depression score, QUIP-RS questionnaire for impulsive-compulsive control disorders in Parkinson’s disease, MOCA Montreal cognitive assessment, ELF excluded letter fluency, ACE-III Addenbrooke’s cognitive examination III, CSI caregiver strain index, CBI-R Cambridge behavioural inventory revised, ZCB- Zarit caregiver burden scale.
*Statistically significant when compared to APO and STN-DBS; ** Statistically significant when compared to LCIG; *** Statistically significant when compared to APO and LCIG and statistically significant when compared to STN-DBS.
&Symbol represent the group that had different baseline characteristics from the other two groups after Kruskal–Wallis analysis.