Table 3.

New clinical therapeutic strategies targeting PD-1, PD-L1, or CTLA-4

Target	Platform	Tumor type	Phase
PD-L1 x LAG-3, TIGIT, Tim-3, 4-1BB, OX40, CD27, CD47, CD137, Claudin 18.2, TGF-β	Bispecific antibody	Advanced and/or metastatic solid tumors or lymphomas, myeloid, thoracic, NSCLC, SCLC, breast, gastric, renal cell, ovarian, peritoneal, fallopian tube, cholangiocarcinoma, bladder, microsatellite instability-high colorectal, esophageal, hepatic, head and neck, HNSC, papillomavirus-related tumors, melanoma, gastric adenocarcinoma, esophageal adenocarcinoma, NSCLC, SCLC	I, I/II
PD-1 x PD-L1, LAG-3, TIGIT, Tim-3, VEGF	Bispecific antibody	Advanced solid tumors, NSCLC, lymphoma, nasal type, classical Hodgkin lymphoma, melanoma, SCLC, squamous cell esophageal, gastric, gastroesophageal-junction, ovarian	I, I/II
CTLA-4 x PD-1, LAG-3, OX40, PD-L1	Bispecific antibody	Advanced and/or metastatic solid tumors, nasopharyngeal, melanoma, cervical, pancreatic, TNBC, hepatocellular, bladder, HNSC, clear cell renal cell, renal cell, NSCLC, SCLC, gastric adenocarcinoma, gastroesophageal-junction adenocarcinoma, prostate, ovarian, fallopian tube, cervical, peritoneal, cholangiocarcinoma, squamous cell esophageal, squamous cell anal, squamous cell penile, squamous cell vulvar, colorectal, endometrial, lymphoma, MSI-H/deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) gastric and colorectal, MSI-H/dMMR advanced solid tumors, anaplastic or oncocytic thyroid gland, thymoma and thymic, breast, mesothelioma, neuroendocrine, adnexal, non-squamous cell salivary gland, biliary tract, HER2 + solid tumors, B-lymphoblastic leukemia	I, I/II, II, III