Table 4.
Panax ginseng-containing Chinese medicine compounds in the treatment of AD and VaD
| Compound | Subject | Targets | Actions | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Red ginseng | HT22 Cells, 5XFAD mice | Aβ, astrocytes, microglia, neurogenesis | Anti-inflammation | [75] |
| Tg2576 mice | Aβ, Iba-1, Claudin-5, Occludin, Laminin, CD13, gut microbiota | Regulation of gut-brain axis | [76] | |
| White Ginseng | ICR mice | Iba-1, Synaptophysin, ChAT | Anticholinergic | [77] |
| Qi Fu Yin | AD and VaD patients | MMSE, HDS | Cognition improving | [78] |
| BV-2 cells | iNOS | Anti-inflammation | [79] | |
| Shenqi Yizhi granules | 5XFAD mice | Iba-1, 2-DE, GFAP | Anti-inflammation, energy metabolism, synaptic transmission and so on | [81] |
| Huannao Yicong Formula | mild to moderate AD patients | ADAS-Cog, CM-SS, MMSE, MoCA | Cognition improving | [82] |
| SD rats, APP/PS1 mice, APP695V717I mice | IL-1, TNF-α, APP, Aβ, caspase-3, -8, -9, -12, Bcl-2/Bax, γ-secretase, p-Tau, TTBK1, GSK-3β, CDK-5, PKC, TrkA | Anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, targeting Aβ and tau | [[83], [84], [85], [86]] | |
| Shenzhi Jiannao formula | 2VO-SD rats, PC12 cells, wistar rats, | Clathrin, RAB5B, NMDAR1, calcium, ROS, superoxide, INS, pAKT1, caspase-3 | Synaptic protection, anti-apoptosis and anti-oxidation | [[87], [88], [89]] |
| Sailuotong | mild-to-moderate VaD patients | VaDAS-cog, ADCS-CGIC, MMSE, ADCS-ADLs, | Cognition improving | [90] |
| SD rats, hCMEC/D3 cells, EA.hy926 Cells | IL-1α, IL-6, IL-12, CXCL10, LCN2, p-STAT3, p-JAK2, GFAP, Claudin-1, Occludin, Nrf2, HO-1, ROS, SOD, Bax/Bcl-2, caspase-3 | Anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation and anti-apoptosis | [[91], [92], [93]] | |
| Shenma YIzhi Formula | mild-to-moderate VaD patients | MMSE, NIHSS, CM-SS | Cognition improving | [94] |
| SD rats | SOD, GSH-Px, GSH, MDA, ATP5A, ChAT, AChE | Anti-oxidation and anticholinergic | [95,96] |
Note: Aβ: amyloid β; ChAT: choline acetyltransferase; MMSE: mini-mental state examination; HDS: Hastgawa Dementia Scale; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; 2-DE: two-dimensional gel electrophoresis; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein, the astrocyte marker; ADAS-Cog: Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale- Cognitive Subscale; CM-SS: Chinese Medicine Symptom Scale; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; IL-1: interleukin-1; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; APP: amyloid precursor protein; TTBK1: total tau protein kinase; GSK-3β: glycogen synthase kinase-3β; CDK-5: cyclin-dependent kinase-5; PKC: protein kinase C; TrkA: tyrosine amyloid protein kinase; RAB5B: member RAS oncogene family; NMDAR1: N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor 1; ROS: reactive oxygen species; INS: insulin; pAKT1: protein kinase B; VaDAS-cog: vascular dementia assessment scale–cognitive subscale; ADCS-CGIC: Alzheimer's disease cooperative study-clinical global impression of change; ADCS-ADLs: Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study ADL Scale; CXCL10: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10; LCN2: lipocalin-2; p-STAT3: phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; p-JAK2: Janus kinase-2; Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2; HO-1: anti–heme oxygenase-1; SOD: superoxide dismutases; NIHSS: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; GSH-Px: glutathione peroxidases; GSH: glutathione; MDA: malonaldehyde; ATP5A: a mitochondrial marker; AChE: Acetylcholinesterase.