Table 1.
Distribution of patient datasets and testing results across age, sex, BMI, pathology, acquisition field strength and localizer pulse sequence. Overlap between AI and manual labeling for 3D liver detection and axial prescription was high (>91%) across all categories. 3D axial prescription had higher levels of overlap between AI and manual methods than 3D liver detection across all categories. While AI-based liver detection faced challenges in iron overload (signal dropouts), resection and pleural effusion (unusual anatomy), 3D axial prescription maintained high overlap (>95%) between AI and manual labeling across all pathologies. Overlap: percentage of 3D volume from manual labeling covered by AI prescription.
| Sub-cohorts | Number of patients | 3D Liver Detection overlap between AI and manual (%) | 3D Axial Prescription overlap between AI and manual (%) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| Overall | Training | Testing | Median | IQR | Median | IQR | ||
| Age | <21 | 29 | 18 | 11 | 96.95 | 5.29 | 99.53 | 1.50 |
| 21–45 | 245 | 197 | 48 | 95.17 | 6.97 | 97.55 | 4.85 | |
| >45 | 765 | 616 | 149 | 97.04 | 8.53 | 98.45 | 3.14 | |
|
| ||||||||
| Sex | Male | 469 | 373 | 96 | 97.29 | 8.89 | 99.31 | 2.68 |
| Female | 570 | 458 | 112 | 95.95 | 7.15 | 97.68 | 3.58 | |
|
| ||||||||
| BMI | <18.5 | 49 | 36 | 13 | 94.82 | 4.88 | 98.66 | 4.80 |
| 18.5–24.9 | 364 | 295 | 69 | 95.36 | 13.69 | 97.63 | 4.12 | |
| 25.0–29.9 | 319 | 263 | 56 | 97.68 | 6.82 | 99.17 | 2.47 | |
| ≥ 30 | 307 | 237 | 70 | 97.04 | 6.43 | 98.28 | 3.17 | |
|
| ||||||||
| Pathology* | Cirrhosis | 131 | 105 | 26 | 97.60 | 4.79 | 99.72 | 2.37 |
| Iron overload | 71 | 56 | 15 | 93.84 | 7.67 | 100.0 | 2.41 | |
| Metastasis | 353 | 297 | 56 | 96.25 | 9.86 | 98.61 | 3.15 | |
| Steatosis | 312 | 253 | 59 | 96.67 | 6.64 | 98.26 | 4.07 | |
| Ascites | 309 | 246 | 63 | 96.28 | 7.96 | 98.70 | 3.18 | |
| Resection | 39 | 28 | 11 | 91.90 | 6.98 | 97.96 | 3.28 | |
| Pleural effusion | 159 | 125 | 34 | 95.33 | 13.76 | 98.46 | 5.03 | |
|
| ||||||||
| Field strength | 1.5T | 732 | 589 | 143 | 96.28 | 8.37 | 98.38 | 3.82 |
| 3T | 307 | 242 | 65 | 96.50 | 6.60 | 98.30 | 2.67 | |
|
| ||||||||
| Sequence | SSFSE** | 1015 | 809 | 206 | 96.40 | 8.04 | 98.35 | 3.20 |
| GRE | 24 | 22 | 2 | 92.20 | 15.61 | 95.44 | 9.13 | |
|
| ||||||||
| Overall | 1039 | 831 | 208 | 97.62 | 6.51 | 98.48 | 3.00 | |
Pathology information was automatically extracted from medical reports using keyword matching. Actual case counts may be different from reported here.
SSFSE: single-shot fast spin-echo; GRE: gradient-echo