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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jun 30.
Published in final edited form as: IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2023 Jun 1;31:2497–2506. doi: 10.1109/TNSRE.2023.3276424

Fig. 11.

Fig. 11.

Torsional test results of each of the four springs used to load the phantom knee. All spring moments showed a linear relationship with the spring angle. The cumulative spring stiffness estimated from braceless-loading inverse dynamics was within ~4.2% of the cumulative torsional spring stiffness derived from the torsional tests.