TABLE 5.
Involvement of the ECM in diet and metabolism.
| Manipulation | Species | Brain area | ECM response | Treatment | Response | References |
| Leptin deficiency (ob/ob) | Mouse | Arcuate nucleus (ARC) | ↓ PNN apposition on AgRP | Leptin supplement | Rescued PNN abundance | Mirzadeh et al., 2019 |
| ZDF and high-fat diet | Rat | ARC | ↓ PNNs | Fibroblast growth factor-1 i.c.v. injection | Rescued PNN abundance and sulfation | Alonge et al., 2020 |
| Altered CS/DS sulfation | ||||||
| HFD | Rat | PL-PFC | ↓ PNN intensity, but not number | NA | NA | Dingess et al., 2018 |
| IL-PFC | No changes | |||||
| OFC | ↓ PNN intensity and number | |||||
| Obesity-prone male rats (normal diet vs. HFD) |
Rat | PL-PFC | ↓ PNN intensity and PVB apposition | NA | NA | Dingess et al., 2020 |
| IL-PFC | No changes | |||||
| OFC | ↓ PNN intensity number, and PVB apposition | |||||
| Obesity-prone female rats (normal diet vs. HFD) |
Rat | PL-PFC | No changes | NA | NA | Dingess et al., 2020 |
| IL-PFC | ↑ PNN intensity, number and PVB apposition | |||||
| OFC | ↓ PNN intensity | |||||
| Obesity-resistant male rats (normal diet vs. HFD) |
Rat | PL-PFC | No changes | NA | NA | Dingess et al., 2020 |
| IL-PFC | ↓ PNN intensity | |||||
| OFC | No changes | |||||
| Obesity-resistant female rats (normal diet vs. HFD) |
Rat | PL-PFC | No changes | NA | NA | Dingess et al., 2020 |
| IL-PFC | ↓ PNN intensity | |||||
| OFC | No changes | |||||
| HF-HSD | Mouse | PL-PFC | ↑ active microglia | NA | NA | Reichelt et al., 2021 |
| IL-PFC | ↑ active microglia | |||||
| OFC | ↑ active microglia | |||||
| HPC | ↓ PNNs and ↑ active microglia | |||||
| Sucrose self-administration | Rat | PL-, IL-PFC, and OFC | No changes | NA | NA | Slaker et al., 2016b |
| Overnight fast and 1 h re-feed (ob/ob) | Mouse | ARC and ME | ↑ PNN intensity in ME following re-feed | MBH chABC injection | ↓ Food intake 48 – 96 h post chABC | Kohnke et al., 2021 |
| Male HFD | Mouse | ARC and TE | No changes in TE | Castration | ↓ PNN intensity in ARC | Zhang et al., 2021 |
| Female HFD | Mouse | ARC and TE | ↑ PNN intensity in TE | Ovariectomy | ↓ PNN intensity in ARC | Zhang et al., 2021 |
Acute (top) and chronic (bottom) effects of cocaine, methamphetamine, and nicotine on ECM molecules. Preharvest interval denotes the time between the most recent drug exposure and euthanasia. ZDF, Zucker diabetic fatty rat; HFD, high fat diet; HF-HSD, high fat-high sugar diet; OP, obesity-prone; OR, obesity-resistant; ARC, arcuate nucleus; ME, median eminence; TE, terete hypothalamic nucleus; HPC, hippocampus; PFC, prefrontal cortex; IL, infralimbic; PL, prelimbic; OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; PNN, perineuronal net; AgRP, agouti-related protein; PVB, parvalbumin; CS, chondroitin sulfate; DS, dermatan sulfate.