Table 1.
Participant characteristics according to diagnosis of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy
| No CAN (n = 171) | Definite CAN (n = 88) | P for difference between no CAN and definite CAN | No CAN estimation (n = 41) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (male), (n/%) | 78/46 | 49/56 | 0.060 | 25/61 |
| Age (years) | 55.4 (9.5) | 54.2 (8) | 0.572 | 60.6 (9.6) |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 61.3 (9.6) | 66.5 (12.3) | 0.008 | 61.5 (11.5) |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.8 (0.9) | 8.2 (1.1) | 0.009 | 7.8 (1.1) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.9 (3.7) | 25 (4.4) | 0.857 | 24.2 (3.2) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 130.7 (17.2) | 135.3 (17.5) | 0.002 | 130.3 (17.9) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74.0 (8.8) | 74.2 (9) | 0.843 | 73.0 (8.5) |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 38.6 (8.6) | 41 (8.3) | 0.002 | 44.3 (10.2) |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 84.8 (20.6) | 65.1 (27.4) | < 0.001 | 77.9 (24.4) |
| Urinary albumin excretion rate (mg/24-h) | 9.5 (6;22) | 45.5 (14;333) | < 0.002 | 10.8 (5.8;53.5) |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.7 (0.7) | 4.5 (0.9) | 0.063 | 4.6 (0.8) |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.8 (0.6) | 1.7 (0.5) | 0.037 | 1.7 (0.7) |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.4 (0.6) | 2.4 (0.7) | 0.444 | 2.5 (0.7) |
| Triglycerides (mol/L) | 0.9 (0.7;1,2) | 1.0 (0.8;1,3) | 0.181 | 0.8 (0.7;1.1) |
| Betablocker treatment (n/%) | 12/7 | 17/20 | < 0.001 | 7/17 |
| Diuretic treatment (n/%) | 66/39 | 71/81 | < 0.001 | 20/49 |
| RAAS blocker treatment (n/%) | 71/42 | 4/7 | < 0.001 | 15/37 |
| Statin treatment (n/%) | 92/54 | 71/81 | 0.002 | 19/46 |
| Pathological E/I ratio (n/%) | 27/16 | 86/98 | < 0.001 | 20/65 |
| Pathological 30/15 ratio (n/%) | 30/15 | 78/89 | < 0.001 | 6/21 |
| Pathological Valsalva (n/%) | 4/3 | 42/78 | < 0.001 | 1/33 |
| E/I ratio | 1.2 (1.1;1.3) | 1.0 (1.0;1.1) | < 0.001 | 1.1 (1.1;1.2) |
| 30/15 ratio | 1.1 (1.1;1.2) | 1.0 (1.0;1.0) | < 0.001 | 1.1 (1;1.1) |
| Valsalva ratio | 1.5 (1.4;1.8) | 1.2 (1.1;1.3) | < 0.001 | 1.5 (1.2;1.8) |
| Serum PRO-C6 (ng/ml) | 7 (5.7;8.6) | 10.5 (8.1;14.9) | < 0.001 | 8.1 (6.8;12.2) |
| Serum C3M (ng/ml) | 8 (6.9;9.3) | 9 (7.2;11.2) | 0.083 | 8.4 (7.3;9.7) |
| Urine PRO-C6 (ng/µmol) | 0.2 (0.2;0.3) | 0.2 (0.2;0.3) | 0.010 | 0.2 (0.2;0.3) |
| Urine C3M (ng/µmol) | 5.6 (3.9;7.4) | 3.7 (2.4;5.7) | < 0.001 | 6.5 (3.9;7.5) |
Data are in means (SD), medians (IQR) or n (%). RAAS: renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system; ARBs: angiotensin receptor blockers; CAN: cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy; PRO-C6: Collagen type VI (COL6); C3M III: Collagen type (COL3)