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. 2023 Jun 30;11:145. doi: 10.1186/s40168-023-01589-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 12 — A schematic depicting the roles of the gut microbiota in CRS-induced depression-like behavioral changes along the microbiota-gut-brain axis. The abundance of Ri.is rich in healthy adolescents, decreased in adolescents with depression, and reversed after sertraline treatment. The GM (from the feces of healthy adolescents and consisting of Ri.) exerts beneficial effects by ameliorating CRS-induced perturbation of the Trp-Kyn metabolic pathway. These effects are characterized by the increased conversion of Trp to 5-HT, and reciprocally, decreased toxic metabolite levels (Quin and 3-HK) that mechanistically unravel as the levels of TPH2/1 and KAT2 increase, along with decreased expression of IDO1 and 3HAO. The ameliorated colonic epithelial cell impairment combined with the improved KP metabolism driven by Ri. facilitated the pronounced protection of synaptic plasticity and improved glial activities, thus providing a novel therapeutic strategy for depression intervention