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. 2023 Jun 30;11:145. doi: 10.1186/s40168-023-01589-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Alterations of Trp-Kyn pathway-derived metabolites in both serum and urine samples after antidepressant treatment. A Levels of dopamine and partial Trp-Kyn pathway metabolites in serum samples from depressive adolescents before and after sertraline treatment. B Levels of 5-HT and Trp-Kyn pathway metabolites in urine samples from depressive adolescents before and after sertraline treatment. Data were displayed as mean ± SEM. Significant differences before and after sertraline treatment were determined using Student’s t tests for serum 5-HT, Quin, and urine Trp, while Mann-Whitney U tests employed for other components. ^***p < 0.001, ^****p < 0.0001 vs. the DEP group