Fig. 9.

Ri. treatment improved the perturbation of neurotransmitters from the Trp-Kyn metabolic pathway in mouse brains and colons. A Levels of 5-HT and KP metabolites in the PFCs of the mice. B Levels of 5-HT and KP metabolites in the colons of the mice. C Protein expression of the rate-limiting enzymes of KP metabolism in the mice PFCs and colons. D The statistical plots of the PFCs. E The statistical plots of the colon. Data were displayed as mean ± SEM. Significant differences were determined via two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparison procedure. ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001, ^****p < 0.0001 vs. the CTR + PBS group; ^&p < 0.05, ^&&p < 0.01, ^&&&&p < 0.0001 vs. the CTR + Ri group; ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, ^####p < 0.0001 vs. the CRS + PBS group