Table 2.
Dietary intake, physical activity, and anthropometric indices of the participants (n = 80)
| Diet (n = 40) |
Diet + Kefir (n = 40) |
P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Energy (kcal/day) |
Baseline | 2050.52 ± 552.41 | 2182.80 ± 561.49 | 0.29* |
| 8th week | 1938.29 ± 510.84 | 1815.42 ± 418.58 | 0.24* | |
| P-value | 0.18# | < 0.01# | ||
| Mean differences | − 112.22 ± 521.57 | − 367.37 ± 461.63 | 0.02* | |
|
Protein (g/day) |
Baseline | 70.01 ± 19.24 | 71.04 ± 25.36 | 0.83* |
| 8th week | 63.02 ± 17.47 | 60.37 ± 21.56 | 0.54* | |
| P-value | 0.03# | < 0.01# | ||
| Mean differences | − 6.98 ± 19.62 | − 10.67 ± 20.75 | 0.41* | |
|
Carbohydrate (g/day) |
Baseline | 301.97 ± 93.99 | 314.29 ± 88.43 | 0.54* |
| 8th week | 286.95 ± 92.09 | 246.33 ± 73.42 | 0.22* | |
| P-value | 0.26# | < 0.01# | ||
| Mean differences | − 15.01 ± 84.28 | − 49.96 ± 71.02 | 0.04* | |
|
Fat (g/day) |
Baseline | 63.66 ± 20.75 | 70.79 ± 22.19 | 0.14* |
| 8th week | 61.60 ± 18.18 | 58.86 ± 10.76 | 0.41* | |
| P-value | 0.55# | < 0.01# | ||
| Mean differences | − 2.06 ± 21.69 | − 11.93 ± 21.29 | 0.04* | |
|
Fiber (g/day) |
Baseline | 12.04 ± 4.27 | 14.09 ± 6.60 | 0.10* |
| 8th week | 13.43 ± 10.18 | 15.96 ± 20.64 | 0.48* | |
| P-value | 0.41# | 0.59# | ||
| Mean differences | 1.38 ± 10.56 | 1.87 ± 21.94 | 0.90* | |
|
Physical Activity (MET.min/week) |
Baseline | 437.51 ± 86.34 | 302.23 ± 69.43 | 0.22* |
| 8th week | 475.32 ± 84.28 | 322.51 ± 57.25 | 0.13* | |
| P-value | 0.63# | 0.75# | ||
| Mean differences | 37.81 ± 497.81 | 20.27 ± 401.96 | 0.86* | |
|
Weight (kg) |
Baseline | 80.31 ± 13.52 | 85.02.95 ± 12.99 | 0.11* |
| 8th week | 79.49 ± 13.47 | 84.49 ± 13.11 | 0.09* | |
| P-value | 0.01# | 0.02# | ||
| Mean differences | − 0.82 ± 2.06 | − 0.53 ± 1.39 | 0.13† | |
|
Height (cm) |
Baseline | 164.10 ± 10.04 | 168.95 ± 9.65 | 0.03* |
| 8th week | - | - | - | |
| P-value | - | - | ||
| Mean differences | - | - | - | |
|
BMI (kg/m2) |
Baseline | 29.71 ± 3.07 | 29.72 ± 3.50 | 0.98* |
| 8th week | 29.40 ± 3.08 | 29.53 ± 3.55 | 0.86* | |
| P-value | 0.01# | 0.01# | ||
| Mean differences | − 0.30 ± 0.75 | − 0.19 ± 0.47 | 0.11† | |
|
Waist circumference (cm) |
Baseline | 100.80 ± 8.27 | 100.55 ± 7.28 | 0.88* |
| 8th week | 100.15 ± 8.20 | 99.47 ± 7.39 | 0.70* | |
| P-value | 0.01# | < 0.01# | ||
| Mean differences | − 0.65 ± 1.67 | − 1.07 ± 1.45 | 0.58† |
Data are reported as mean ± SD, except for pre and post for physical activity (mean ± standard error (SE))
* Independent Sample t-test
# Paired t-test
† ANCOVA adjusted for changes in energy, carbohydrate, and fat intake
P-value less than 0.05 considered significant