. 2023 Jun 16;14:1193780. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1193780

TABLE 8.

Advances in levels of genetic and genomic research and research gaps amongst 13 underutilized pulses.

Levels of research on genetic resources		Levels of research on genomic resources			Research gap
Core collection	Diversity assessment ^a	DNA marker ^b	High density genetic map	Genomes and pangenomes	Research gap
African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa)
	5	5,511^†			Conservation of landraces and on-farm diversity
					Core collection
					Genetic map and genome sequencing
Adzuki bean (Vigna angularis)
√	6	221^‡	√ (Han et al., 2005)	√	Conservation of landraces and on-farm diversity
		187 ^§			SNPs markers
		94^Ψ			Marker-based diversity assessment
Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea)
√	11	17,481^†	√ (Gao et al., 2023)	√	Conservation of landraces and on-farm diversity
√	11	17,481^†	√ (Gao et al., 2023)	√	Multi-season phenotype-based diversity assessment
Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus)
	5	135^‡	√(Hao et al. (2022)	√	Core collection
	5	GBS-derived 3536^† (Hao et al., 2022)	√(Hao et al. (2022)	√	SNPs markers
Horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum)
	5	300^‡		√	Core collection
					Multi-season phenotype-based diversity assessment
					SNP markers
Kersting’s groundnut (Macrotyloma geocarpum)
	2	1379^†			Conservation of landraces and on-farm diversity
					Core collection
					Marker- and multi-season phenotype-based diversity assessment
					Genetic map and genome sequencing
Lablab bean (Lablab purpureus)
√	4	12,780^†		√	Genetic map
√	4	12,780^†		√	Marker- and multi-season phenotype-based diversity assessment
Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus)
√	6	10,497 ^† (Garcia et al., 2021)	√ (Garcia et al., 2021)	√	SNP markers
√	6	103^‡	√ (Garcia et al., 2021)	√	Marker- and multi-season phenotype-based diversity assessment
Moth bean (V. aconitifolia)
√	1	172^‡			Conservation of landraces and on-farm diversity
					Marker- and multi-season phenotype-based diversity assessment
					SNP markers
					Genome sequencing
Rice bean (V. umbellata)
	3	41^‡			Core collection
					Conservation of landraces and on-farm diversity
					Marker- and phenotype-based diversity assessment
					Genetic map and genome sequencing
Tepary bean (P. acutifolius)
	3	768^†	√(Gujaria-Verma et al., 2016)	√	Core collection
		13^‡			Conservation of landraces and on-farm diversity
		13^‡			Marker- and multi-season phenotype-based diversity assessment
Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus)
	3	1384^†; 27^‡	√ (Chankaew et al., 2022)	√	Core collection
					Conservation of landraces and on-farm diversity
					Population structure and diversity
Yard long bean (V. unguiculata ssp. unguiculata cv.-gr. Sesquipedalis)
	1	26^§§			Core collection
					Conservation of landraces and on-farm diversity
					SNP markers
					Population structure and diversity
					Genetic map and genome sequencing

^{^a}

Includes both morphological (at least two seasons‘ data) and marker-based assessment reported in Table 4.

^{^b}

DNA markers used in diversity assessment reported in Table 5; ^†, SNPs; ^‡, SSRs; ^§, AFLPs; ^ᴪ, RFLPs; ^§§, Indels; √, Available.