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. 2023 Jun 16;14:1060258. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1060258

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Copyright © 2023 Jakovija and Chtanova

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The phases of skin wound healing. (A) The inflammatory phase: one to three days after injury the wound is filled with a clot. Inflammatory cells have been recruited to the wound site. Neutrophils release reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), antimicrobial proteins (AMPs), TNFα, IL-1B, IL-6, CXCL2/8 and monocyte attracting protein-1 (MCP-1). (B) The proliferative phase: macrophages are recruited to clear dead tissue and debris. They secrete IL-1, TNFα, PDGF, VEGF and TGF-β1. New blood vessels form in the wound bed. Fibroblasts are activated in the wound and begin to deposit collagen. (C) The remodeling phase: wound contraction occurs, collagen III is replaced by collagen I, and the extracellular matrix is remodeled by proteases and other enzymes. Created with BioRender.com.