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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jun 8.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2023 Apr 27;25:311–331. doi: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-092222-030857

Figure 1.

Figure 1

The tissue engineering triad includes a combination of cells cultured on biomaterial matrices with appropriate biophysical and chemical signals, which combine to promote tissue formation and regeneration. Each component of the triad is affected by factors related to biological sex, including sex-based hormones and sex chromosomes.