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. 2023 Jun 26;17:1907–1932. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S409373

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© 2023 Dutta et al.

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Neuroprotective role of metformin. AMPK- adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; NOX- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase; ROX- reactive oxygen species; PP2A- protein phosphatase 2A; BDNF- brain derived neurotrophic factor; TrkB- tyrosine kinase receptor B; PI3K- phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase; Akt- protein kinase B; GTP = guanosine triphosphate. This figure was created using the premium version of BioRender (https://biorender.com/) with License No.: GP250DJG7W. Created with BioRender.com.