Figure 4: Gene-drug-disease network of the nine biological age gaps.

The gene-drug-disease network reveals a broad spectrum of gene, drug, and disease interactions across the nine BAGs, highlighting the metabolic-related genes. The ICD-10 code icons symbolize disease categories linked to the primary organ systems (e.g., G30 for Alzheimer’s disease in the CNS). All presented genes passed the nominal P-value threshold (<0.05) and were pharmaco-genetically associated with drug categories in the DrugBank database; the symbol * indicates gene-drug-disease interactions that survived the Bonferroni correction. Abbreviation: ICD: International Classification of Diseases; EGJ: esophagus gastroesophageal junction.