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. 2023 Jun 20;19(6):e1011462. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011462

Table 3. Review of the published research measuring the concentrations of Δ4-dafachronic acid and cholestenoic acid in human and mouse sera.

Concentrations in human serum (nM)
Δ4-dafachronic acid cholestenoic acid
Mean Variability Mean Variability References
4.52 1.39 (SD) 223.82 76.96 (SD) Crick et al., Mol Neurobiol, 2017 [18]
2.51 1.40–3.54 (range) 132.01 105.92–154.14 (range) Höflinger et al., J Lipid Res, 2021 [21]
5.28 1.21 (SD) 198.69 42.29 (SD) Abdel-Khalik et al., J Lipid Res, 2017 [22]
4.22 0.017 (technical SD) 201.20 7.15 (technical SD) Crick et al., Clinical Chemistry, 2015 [23]
Concentrations in mouse serum (nM)
Δ4-dafachronic acid cholestenoic acid
Mean Variability Mean Variability References
3.43 1.14 (SD) 6.42 3.00 (SD) Crick et al., JSBMB, 2019 [19]
4.21 0.18 (SD) 8.55 2.93 (SD) Griffiths et al., BBA—MCB Lipids, 2019 [20]