Table 1. Characteristics of the Study Populationa.
| Characteristic | No. (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| O-HQIP–attesting hospitals | Non–O-HQIP–attesting hospitals | |||
| 2017-2018 (n = 9120) | 2019-2020 (n = 5465) | 2017-2018 (n = 1899) | 2019-2020 (n = 944) | |
| Treatment with buprenorphine within 30 d of index visit | 456 (5.0) | 447 (8.2) | 109 (5.7) | 59 (6.2) |
| Patient characteristics | ||||
| Age at index visit, mean (SD), y | 37.25 (10.64) | 38.31 (11.09) | 35.43 (10.14) | 37.47 (10.87) |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 3958 (43.3) | 2292 (41.9) | 894 (47.1) | 426 (45.1) |
| Male | 5162 (56.6) | 3173 (58.1) | 1005 (52.9) | 518 (54.9) |
| Race and ethnicity | ||||
| Black | 1529 (16.8) | 1275 (23.3) | 134 (7.1) | 107 (11.3) |
| Hispanic | 717 (7.9) | 504 (9.2) | 98 (5.2) | 59 (6.2) |
| White | 6628 (72.7) | 3488 (63.8) | 1623 (85.5) | 747 (79.1) |
| Otherb | 246 (2.7) | 198 (3.6) | 44 (2.3) | 31 (3.3) |
| Eligibility category | ||||
| Children | 197 (2.2) | 119 (2.2) | 58 (3.1) | 27 (2.9) |
| Disability or chronic illness | 1598 (17.5) | 1007 (18.4) | 260 (13.7) | 167 (17.7) |
| Adults without disabilities | 1277 (14.0) | 784 (14.3) | 262 (13.8) | 147 (15.6) |
| Medicaid expansion adults | 5864 (64.3) | 3484 (63.8) | 1264 (66.6) | 594 (62.9) |
| Managed care organization region | ||||
| Lehigh Capital | 1474 (16.2) | 918 (16.8) | 264 (13.9) | 125 (13.2) |
| New East | 874 (9.6) | 516 (9.4) | 929 (48.9) | 430 (45.6) |
| New West | 636 (7.0) | 320 (5.9) | 155 (8.2) | 109 (11.5) |
| Southeast | 3013 (33.0) | 2074 (38.0) | 420 (22.1) | 218 (23.1) |
| Southwest | 3123 (34.2) | 1637 (30.0) | 131 (6.9) | 62 (6.6) |
| Address in rural area | 924 (10.1) | 493 (9.0) | 317 (16.7) | 218 (23.1) |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hepatitis C virus | 1313 (14.4) | 601 (11.0) | 250 (13.2) | 98 (10.4) |
| Anxiety disorder | 3714 (40.7) | 2192 (40.1) | 769 (40.5) | 403 (42.7) |
| Mood disorder | 4191 (46.0) | 2307 (42.2) | 854 (45.0) | 411 (43.5) |
| Schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder | 812 (8.9) | 571 (10.4) | 173 (9.1) | 81 (8.6) |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder | 658 (7.2) | 510 (9.3) | 119 (6.3) | 99 (10.5) |
| Skin and soft tissue infections | 1305 (14.3) | 620 (11.3) | 257 (13.5) | 119 (12.6) |
| Hospital characteristics, mean (SD) | ||||
| No. of outpatient visits | 3.61 (5.74) | 3.42 (4.66) | 3.43 (4.42) | 3.49 (4.42) |
| No. of inpatient admissions | 0.43 (1.24) | 0.41 (1.24) | 0.34 (0.81) | 0.34 (0.98) |
| No. of opioid prescriptions fills | 0.98 (2.57) | 0.42 (1.63) | 0.88 (2.64) | 0.47 (1.71) |
| No. of benzodiazepine prescriptions | 0.83 (2.12) | 0.52 (1.75) | 0.85 (2.12) | 0.65 (1.96) |
| Elixhauser comorbidity index score at the index ED visit | 2.11 (2.51) | 2.12 (2.59) | 1.94 (2.36) | 1.99 (2.53) |
| No. of unique prescribers of opioids | 0.35 (0.78) | 0.19 (0.57) | 0.30 (0.72) | 0.21 (0.59) |
Abbreviations: ED, emergency department; O-HQIP, Opioid Hospital Quality Improvement Program.
a
The number of outpatient visits, inpatient admissions, opioid prescriptions, benzodiazepine prescription fills, and unique prescribers of opioids were measured 6 months prior to the patient’s index ED visit. For confidentiality purposes and adherence to Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services regulations, we do not report statistics when a small number of individuals (ie, <11) had the relevant characteristic.
b
Other race and ethnicity includes Alaska Native, American Indian, Asian, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander.