. 2023 Mar 24;4(3):e230245. doi: 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2023.0245

Table 3. Robustness Test of the Association of the Opioid Hospital Quality Improvement Program (O-HQIP) With Patient Treatment With Buprenorphine Within 30 Days of Index Emergency Department Visit, With Matched Hospital Sample (5052 Observations)^a.

Model	β (95% CI)
	Overall before to after O-HQIP vs no O-HQIP implementation^b	Year-specific indicators for post–O-HQIP period^b
		2019 O-HQIP attesting	2020 O-HQIP attesting
A: Unadjusted models
Buprenorphine within 30 d	0.023 (−0.010 to 0.057)	0.016 (−0.027 to 0.058)	0.034 (0.000 to 0.068)^c
B: Adjusted models
Buprenorphine within 30 d	0.024 (−0.010 to 0.058)	0.015 (−0.029 to 0.060)	0.036 (0.001 to 0.070)^c

^{^a}

In the model that evaluates the overall association, the coefficient of interest (O-HQIP attesting) is an indicator for whether a patient’s index opioid use disorder emergency department visit occurred during or after January 2019 (the start date for the O-HQIP) at O-HQIP–attesting hospitals. In the model that evaluates the year-specific associations, the 2 coefficients of interest are 2 indicator variables: 1 for patients visiting attesting hospitals in 2019 and 1 for 2020. All models included hospital-level fixed effects to control for time-invariant hospital unobserved effects. Adjusted regression models controlled patient characteristics, including age (at the time of index opioid use disorder visit), sex, race and ethnicity, eligibility category, rural residence, managed care organization region, number of inpatient episodes in prior 6 months, number of outpatient episodes in prior 6 months, number of opioids fills in prior 6 months, number of benzodiazepine fills in prior 6 months, number of unique opioid prescribers in prior 6 months, hepatitis C virus, HIV, anxiety disorder, mood disorder, schizophrenia and other psychosis, posttraumatic stress disorder, abscess, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, and soft skin tissue infection. The sample sizes of the overall and year-specific models are equal (ie, 5052). Clustering was performed at the hospital level.

^{^b}

No. (%) in the O-HQIP–attesting group before attestation, 64 (4.1%).

^{^c}

Statistically different from 0 at the 1%, 5%, and 10% level.

Table 3. Robustness Test of the Association of the Opioid Hospital Quality Improvement Program (O-HQIP) With Patient Treatment With Buprenorphine Within 30 Days of Index Emergency Department Visit, With Matched Hospital Sample (5052 Observations)a.

Table 3. Robustness Test of the Association of the Opioid Hospital Quality Improvement Program (O-HQIP) With Patient Treatment With Buprenorphine Within 30 Days of Index Emergency Department Visit, With Matched Hospital Sample (5052 Observations)^a.