Table 2. Characteristics of Propensity Score–Matched Patients With Penetrating Brain Injury From 2017 to 2019.
| Variable | No. (%) | P value | SMD | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | ICP monitoring | ||||
| Without | With | ||||
| No. of patients | 466 (100) | 233 (50.0) | 233 (50.0) | NA | NA |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 32.3 (12.2) | 32.3 (12.2) | 32.2 (12.2) | .93 | .01 |
| Systolic BP, mean (SD), mm Hg | 131.7 (32.2) | 132.2 (33.7) | 131.2 (30.7) | .74 | .03 |
| Heart rate, mean (SD), bpm | 99.2 (29.5) | 99.4 (30.8) | 99.0 (28.2) | .88 | .01 |
| Oxygen saturation level on pulse oximeter, mean (SD), % | 97.2 (6.6) | 97.0 (6.7) | 97.3 (6.6) | .64 | .04 |
| ISS, median (IQR) | 25.0 (20.0-29.0) | 25.0 (20.0-29.0) | 25.0 (20.0-29.0) | .41 | .01 |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 397 (85.2) | 199 (85.4) | 198 (85.0) | .97 | .05 |
| Female | 69 (14.8) | 34 (14.6) | 35 (15.0) | ||
| Total GCS score on arrival | |||||
| 3 | 280 (60.1) | 143 (61.4) | 137 (58.8) | .78 | .15 |
| 4 | 31 (6.7) | 12 (5.2) | 19 (8.2) | ||
| 5 | 21 (4.5) | 10 (4.3) | 11 (4.7) | ||
| 6 | 48 (10.3) | 24 (10.3) | 24 (10.3) | ||
| 7 | 51 (10.9) | 28 (12.0) | 23 (9.9) | ||
| 8 | 35 (7.5) | 16 (6.9) | 19 (8.2) | ||
| Total GCS score at 24 h | |||||
| 3 | 172 (36.9) | 85 (36.5) | 87 (37.3) | .97 | .09 |
| 4 | 33 (7.1) | 16 (6.9) | 17 (7.3) | ||
| 5 | 20 (4.3) | 12 (5.2) | 8 (3.4) | ||
| 6 | 62 (13.3) | 31 (13.3) | 31 (13.3) | ||
| 7 | 108 (23.2) | 54 (23.2) | 54 (23.2) | ||
| 8 | 71 (15.2) | 35 (15.0) | 36 (15.5) | ||
| Pupillary reactivity | .67 | .05 | |||
| 1 Pupil reactive | 123 (26.4) | 64 (27.5) | 59 (25.3) | ||
| Both pupils reactive | 343 (73.6) | 169 (72.5) | 174 (74.7) | ||
| No midline shift | 284 (60.9) | 138 (59.2) | 146 (62.7) | .51 | .07 |
| Firearm-related injury | 432 (92.7) | 214 (91.8) | 218 (93.6) | .59 | .07 |
| Year of data | |||||
| 2017 | 157 (33.7) | 76 (32.6) | 81 (34.8) | NA | NA |
| 2018 | 160 (34.3) | 79 (33.9) | 81 (34.8) | ||
| 2019 | 149 (32.0) | 78 (33.5) | 71 (30.5) | ||
| ICU LOS, median (IQR), d | 10.0 (5.0-17.0) | 7.0 (4.0-12.0) | 15.0 (8.0-21.0) | <.001 | NA |
| Unfavorable outcome | 266 (57.1) | 135 (57.9) | 131 (56.2) | .78 | NA |
| WOLST | 94 (20.2) | 48 (20.6) | 46 (19.7) | .91 | .02 |
| Mortality | 167 (35.8) | 95 (40.8) | 72 (30.9) | .03 | NA |
Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; bpm, beats per minute; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale (score range: 3-8); ICP, intracranial pressure; ICU LOS, intensive care unit length of stay; ISS, Injury Severity Score; NA, not applicable; SMD, standardized mean difference; WOLST, withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy.