Fig. 3.

The effect of ${\theta }_1^{\left(S\right)}$, the angle between ${\beta }^{\left(S\right)}$ and the first eigenvector $u_1^{\left(S\right)}$, on the power of association tests in the 1:K SNP-set regression setting. Both ${\beta }^{\left(S\right)}$ and $u_1^{\left(S\right)}$ are vectors in $R^{10}$, where there are $K=10$ SNPs in a SNP-set. The correlation structure ${\Sigma }^{\left(S\right)}$ is exchangeable among nine SNPs with $\rho =0.8$, and they are independent of one SNP. Power is calculated using 10⁵ simulations under the null distribution for each test at the significance level 0.05.