Table 1.
Validity and reliability of PSS-10 with other languages.
| Language and Reference | Sample description | Internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) | Reliability (test–retest) | Concurrent validity (r = correlation coefficient) | Construct validity | Sensitivity analysis | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EFA (PCA) | CFA (χ2/df) | p-value | RMSEA | NFI | CFI | TLI | ||||||
| Bengali (Mozumder, 2022) | Adults between 18 and 64 years from eight divisional districts (N = 315) | 0.71 | r = 0.74, p < 0.01 | With GHQ-28 (r = 0.57, p < 0.01) | N/A | In the modified model = 1.95 | 0.00 | 0.05 | N/A | 0.95 | 0.93 | Yes. With the two groups |
| Spanish (Remor, 2006) | Participants (N = 440) with different medical conditions (18–69 years) | 0.82 | r = 0.77, p < 0.00 | With HADS-T/distress (r = 0.72) and HADS-A/anxiety (r = 0.66, p < 0.001) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Yes. With four groups |
| Mexican (González-Ramírez et al., 2013) | Participants (N = 1990) mean age of 35.5 ± 13.3 years old | Men (0.77) and women (0.78) | N/A | N/A | Yes, two factors identified | Gender group = 5.03 | Not given | 0.045 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.94 | No. Compared with gender and age groups. |
| Age group = 3.23 | Not given | 0.034 | 0.88 | 0.92 | 0.92 | |||||||
| Chinese (Liu et al., 2020) | Chinese senior high school students (N = 1574) and mean age of 15.26 ± 0.56 years | 0.79 | N/A | With SCARED (r = 0.43) and DSRSC (r = 0.42) (p < 0.001) | N/A. two factor model used | χ2 (34) = 332.22 only | <0.001 | 0.075 | 0.90 | 0.92 | N/A | No. Compared invariances with gender groups |
| Arabic (Chaaya et al., 2010) | A total of 268 women (113 pregnant, 97 postpartum and 58 healthy females) and mean age 27.6 ± 5.5 years | 0.74 | r = 0.74, p < 0.05 | With GHQ-12 (r = 0.59) and EPDS (r = 0.49) (p < 0.05) | Yes, PCA resulted 2 factors | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Yes. With three groups |
| Korean (Lee et al., 2015) | A total of 402 people with chronic diseases and mean age 58.56 ± 12.91 years | 0.75 | r = 0.81, p < 0.05 | With CES-D scale (r = 0.66, p < 0.001) | Yes, PCA resulted 2 factors | 2.46 | GFI = 0.92 | 0.08 (0.06–0.10) | 0.88 | 0.93 | N/A | No. Compared with gender and effect sizes |
| Theligu (Tikka et al., 2022) | A total of 311 healthcare workers and mean age 38.35 ± 7.85 years | 0.75–0.71 and SHR = 0.8 | N/A | GAD-7 (r = 0.54) and PHQ-9 (r = 0.45) (p < 0.001) | Yes, PCA extracted 2 factors | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Amharic (Tsegaye et al., 2022) | A total of 758 undergraduate students and mean age 26.3 ± 5.8 years | 0.77 | N/A | N/A | Yes, PCA resulted 2 factors | 1.9 | <0.001 | 0.04 (0.03–0.06) | N/A | 0.96 | N/A | N/A |
| Italian (Mondo et al., 2021) | A total of 649 precarious workers and mean age 39.6 ± 10.1 years | 0.75 | N/A | With BDI-II (r = 0.45, p < 0.001) | Yes, extracted two factors | 2.5 | N/A | 0.07 (0.05–0.09) | N/A | 0.95 | 0.93 | N/A |
| Greek (Andreou et al., 2011) | A total of 941 individuals and mean age 29 years | 0.82 | N/A | With DASS-21 for stress (r = 0.644), depression (r = 0.606), and anxiety (r = 0.542) (p < 0.001) | No, two factor model used | 4.86 | <0.001 | 0.065 | N/A | 0.94 | N/A | N/A |
N/A, Not Assigned; PCA, Principal Component Analysis; EFA, Exploratory Factor Analysis; CFA, Confirmatory Factor Analysis; RMSEA, Root Mean square Error of Approximation; NFI, Normed Fit Index; CFI, Comparative Fit Index; TLI, Tucker-Lewis Index; GHQ-28, General Health Questionnaire-28; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; DSRSC, Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children; SCARED, Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; SHR, Split half reliability; GAD-7, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory, 2nd Edition; DASS-21, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21.