Table 2.
Details of the quality appraisal of the reviewed studies.
| Screening questions | Items | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| References | S1. Are there clear research questions? | S2. Do the collected data allow to address the research questions? | 4.1. Is the sampling strategy relevant to address the research question? | 4.2. Is the sample representative of the target population? | 4.3. Are the measurements appropriate? | 4.4. Is the risk of non-response bias low? | 4.5. Is the statistical analysis appropriate to answer the research question? | Quality appraisal |
| Quantitative studies | ||||||||
| Andrés et al. (2022) | Yes | Yes | Can't tell | Yes | Yes | Can't tell | Yes | Medium |
| Dodd et al. (2022) (Irish sample) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | High |
| Dodd et al. (2022) (UK sample) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | High |
| Lionetti et al. (2022) | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Can't tell | No | Low |
| Liu et al. (2022) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | High |
| Martiny et al. (2022) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Can't tell | Yes | Medium |
| Morelli et al. (2022) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Medium |
| Oliveira et al. (2022) | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Low |
| Penner et al. (2022) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Can't tell | Yes | Yes | Medium |
| Ravens-Sieberer et al. (2022) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Can't tell | Yes | Medium |
| Sun et al. (2022) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Low |
| Andrés-Romero et al. (2021) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Can't tell | Yes | Medium |
| Balayar and Langlais (2022) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Can't tell | Can't tell | Yes | Low |
| Bate et al. (2021) | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Can't tell | Yes | Low |
| Bianco et al. (2021) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | High |
| Cellini et al. (2021) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | High |
| Khoury et al. (2021) | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Low |
| Li and Zhou (2021) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | High |
| Liu et al. (2021) | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Low |
| Mariani Wigley et al. (2021) | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Can't tell | Yes | Low |
| Orgilés Amorós et al. (2021) | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Can't tell | No | Low |
| Rajabi et al. (2021) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Can't tell | Yes | Medium |
| Scaini et al. (2021) | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Can't tell | Yes | Low |
| Vira and Skoog (2021) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Medium |
| Wang et al. (2021a) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | High |
| Wang et al. (2021c) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | High |
| Wang et al. (2021b) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Can't tell | Yes | Low |
| Duan et al. (2020) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Can't tell | Yes | Medium |
| Liang et al. (2020) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Can't tell | Yes | Medium |
| Morelli et al. (2020) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | High |
| Petrocchi et al. (2022) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Medium |
| 1.1. Is the qualitative approach appropriate to answer the research question? | 1.2. Are the qualitative data collection methods adequate to address the research question? | 1.3. Are the findings adequately derived from the data? | 1.4. Is the interpretation of results sufficiently substantiated by data? | 1.5. Is there coherence between qualitative data sources, collection, analysis and interpretation? | Quality appraisal | |||
| Qualitative studies | ||||||||
| Aras Kemer (2022) | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | High |
| Cortés-García et al. (2021) | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | High |
| Idoiaga et al. (2020) | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Low |
| Mixed studies | ||||||||
| Wenter et al. (2022) | Yes | Yes | ||||||
| Qualitative study | 1.1. Is the qualitative approach appropriate to answer the research question? | 1.2. Are the qualitative data collection methods adequate to address the research question? | 1.3. Are the findings adequately derived from the data? | 1.4. Is the interpretation of results sufficiently substantiated by data? | 1.5. Is there coherence between qualitative data sources, collection, analysis and interpretation? | |||
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||
| Quantitative study | 4.1. Is the sampling strategy relevant to address the research question? | 4.2. Is the sample representative of the target population? | 4.3. Are the measurements appropriate? | 4.4. Is the risk of non-response bias low? | 4.5. Is the statistical analysis appropriate to answer the research question? | |||
| No | Yes | Yes | Can't tell | Yes | ||||
| Mixed study | 5.1. Is there an adequate rationale for using a mixed methods design to address the research question? | 5.2. Are the different components of the study effectively integrated to answer the research question? | 5.3. Are the outputs of the integration of qualitative and quantitative components adequately interpreted? | 5.4. Are divergences and inconsistencies between quantitative and qualitative results adequately addressed? | 5.5. Do the different components of the study adhere to the quality criteria of each tradition of the methods involved? | Quality appraisal | ||
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Medium | |||