Table 1.
Characteristics of the children with type 1 diabetes and control group.
| Characteristics | Controls n = 147 | Children with type 1 diabetes n = 147 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year)€ | 8.6 (3.7) | 8.4 (3.7) | 0.668 |
| Weight (kg)€ | 32.2 (14.6) | 29.4 (13.8) | 0.111 |
| BMI (kg/m2)€ | 17.6 (4.6) | 16.4 (4.1) | 0.033 |
| Gender (girls/boys) | 69 (46.9)/78 (53.1) | 73 (49.7)/74 (50.3) | 0.641 |
| Living area | |||
| Rural | 36 (24.5) | 38 (25.9) | 0.788 |
| Urban | 111 (75.5) | 109 (74.1) | |
| Paternal education | |||
| Illiterate/elementary | 22 (15) | 27 (18.5) | |
| Secondary school/high school | 102 (69.4) | 93 (63.7) | 0.575 |
| Academic | 23 (15.6) | 26 (17.8) | |
| Maternal education | |||
| Illiterate/elementary | 24 (16.3) | 23 (15.8) | |
| Secondary school/high school | 103 (70.1) | 102 (69.9) | 0.977 |
| Academic | 20 (13.6) | 21 (14.4) | |
| Breastfeeding duration | |||
| <6 months | 5 (3.5) | 18 (12.5) | |
| 6 to 12 months | 8 (5.6) | 5 (3.5) | 0.016 |
| >12 months | 129 (90.8) | 121 (84) | |
| Familiar history of diabetes | 19 (16.1) | 15 (11.8) | 0.332 |
| Passive smoking at home(yes) | 50 (35.5) | 62 (43.4) | 0.173 |
| Formula feeding(yes) | 19 (12.9) | 30 (20.5) | 0.080 |
| Breastfeeding(yes) | 144 (98) | 136 (93.2) | 0.046 |
| Cow milk(yes) | 3 (2) | 9 (6.2) | 0.073 |
€Mean (SD).