Table 3.
Association between serum levels of aldehydes and serum iron levels in the multivariate linear regression model
| Exposure | Non-adjusted | P | Model 1 | P | Model 2 | P | Model 3 | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |||||
| Iron | ||||||||
| Ln (propanaldehyde, ng/mL) | 4.43 (1.73, 7.13) | < 0.01 | 3.92 (1.24, 6.59) | < 0.01 | 3.27 (0.26, 6.28) | 0.03 | 3.25 (0.24, 6.27) | 0.03 |
| Propanaldehyde (quartiles) | ||||||||
| Q1 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||||
| Q2 | 7.04 (− 0.11, 14.19) | 0.05 | 6.00 (− 1.07, 13.06) | 0.1 | 5.37 (− 2.12, 12.87) | 0.16 | 5.32 (− 2.18, 12.82 | 0.16 |
| Q3 | 11.49 (4.44, 18.54) | < 0.01 | 10.23 (3.26, 17.20) | < 0.01 | 10.87 (3.40, 18.34) | < 0.01 | 10.85 (3.36, 18.34 | 0 |
| Q4 | 12.33 (5.42, 19.24) | < 0.01 | 10.92 (4.08, 17.77) | < 0.01 | 9.86 (2.22, 17.50) | 0.01 | 9.88 (2.23, 17.53 | 0.01 |
| P for trend | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | ||||
| Ln (isopentanaldehyde, ng/mL) | 2.94 (− 1.85, 7.74) | 0.23 | 1.84 (− 2.92, 6.60 | 0.45 | − 0.48 (− 7.40, 6.44) | 0.89 | − 0.52 (− 7.44, 6.41 | 0.88 |
| Isopentanaldehyde (quartiles) | ||||||||
| Q1 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||||
| Q2 | 7.29 (− 0.08, 14.66 | 0.05 | 6.47 (− 0.82, 13.77 | 0.08 | 5.71 (− 2.13, 13.55) | 0.15 | 5.72 (− 2.14, 13.58) | 0.15 |
| Q3 | 6.49 (− 0.78, 13.77 | 0.08 | 4.90 (− 2.34, 12.14 | 0.18 | 4.26 (− 3.54, 12.06) | 0.28 | 4.04 (− 3.77, 11.86) | 0.31 |
| Q4 | 6.87 (− 0.15, 13.88 | 0.06 | 4.82 (− 2.15, 11.79 | 0.18 | 2.82 (− 6.48, 12.13) | 0.55 | 2.92 (− 6.40, 12.24) | 0.54 |
| P for trend | 0.1 | 0.31 | 0.55 | 0.56 | ||||
| Ln (hexanaldehyde, ng/mL) | − 0.08 (− 1.11, 0.94 | 0.87 | 0.01 (− 0.99, 1.02 | 0.98 | 0.07 (− 0.94, 1.07 | 0.9 | 0.03 (− 0.99, 1.04) | 0.96 |
| Hexanaldehyde (quartiles) | ||||||||
| Q1 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||||
| Q2 | 8.69 (1.47, 15.92) | 0.02 | 8.18 (1.06, 15.29) | 0.02 | 7.59 (− 0.06, 15.23) | 0.05 | 7.65 (− 0.01, 15.32) | 0.05 |
| Q3 | 9.57 (2.46, 16.69) | 0.01 | 9.75 (2.74, 16.75) | 0.01 | 8.51 (1.02, 16.00) | 0.03 | 8.62 (1.12, 16.13) | 0.02 |
| Q4 | 9.89 (2.93, 16.84) | 0.01 | 9.40 (2.55, 16.26) | 0.01 | 10.08 (2.62, 17.53) | 0.01 | 10.28 (2.79, 17.77) | 0.01 |
| P for trend | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | ||||
| Ln (heptanaldehyde, ng/mL) | 5.02 (− 8.06, 18.10) | 0.45 | 3.49 (− 9.47, 16.45) | 0.6 | − 2.01 (− 15.70, 11.67) | 0.77 | − 2.11 (− 15.81, 11.58) | 0.76 |
| Heptanaldehyde (quartiles) | ||||||||
| Q1 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||||
| Q2 | 2.50 (− 4.69, 9.69) | 0.50 | 2.85 (− 4.24, 9.94) | 0.43 | 1.21 (− 6.37, 8.79) | 0.75 | 1.00 (− 6.60, 8.59) | 0.80 |
| Q3 | 3.36 (− 3.83, 10.55) | 0.36 | 3.40 (− 3.70, 10.50) | 0.35 | 1.28 (− 6.35, 8.92) | 0.74 | 1.30 (− 6.33, 8.94) | 0.74 |
| Q4 | 6.83 (− 0.57, 14.23) | 0.07 | 4.59 (− 2.79, 11.97) | 0.22 | 1.21 (− 6.72, 9.14) | 0.77 | 1.32 (− 6.62, 9.25) | 0.74 |
| P for trend | 0.07 | 0.23 | 0.78 | 0.74 | ||||
| Ln (butyraldehyde, ng/mL) | 8.03 (− 0.05, 16.10) | 0.05 | 6.49 (− 0.87, 13.85) | 0.08 | 7.93 (− 0.14, 16.00) | 0.05 | 8.40 (0.97, 15.83) | 0.03 |
| Butyraldehyde (quartiles) | ||||||||
| Q1 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||||
| Q2 | − 0.28 (− 7.89, 7.33) | 0.94 | − 1.00 (− 8.51, 6.50) | 0.79 | 0.34 (− 7.55, 8.23) | 0.93 | 0.50 (− 7.40, 8.40) | 0.90 |
| Q3 | 7.51 (0.19, 14.83) | 0.04 | 6.20 (− 1.03, 13.44) | 0.09 | 5.68 (− 1.97, 13.32) | 0.15 | 5.76 (− 1.89, 13.40) | 0.14 |
| Q4 | 7.38 (0.03, 14.74) | 0.05 | 5.37 (− 1.93, 12.67) | 0.15 | 4.19 (− 3.63, 12.00) | 0.29 | 4.29 (− 3.55, 12.13) | 0.28 |
| P for trend | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.15 | ||||
| Ln (benzaldehyde, ng/mL) | 1.40 (0.02, 2.78) | 0.05 | 1.72 (0.36, 3.09) | 0.01 | 1.39 (− 0.00, 2.78) | 0.05 | 1.39 (0.00, 2.78) | < 0.05 |
| Benzaldehyde (quartiles) | ||||||||
| Q1 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||||
| Q2 | 3.97 (− 2.69, 10.62) | 0.24 | 4.35 (− 2.19, 10.89) | 0.19 | 1.74 (− 5.35, 8.84) | 0.63 | 1.80 (− 5.30, 8.90) | 0.62 |
| Q3 | 7.10 (0.28, 13.91) | 0.04 | 8.18 (1.48, 14.89) | 0.02 | 5.79 (− 1.46, 13.04) | 0.12 | 5.66 (− 1.59, 12.92) | 0.13 |
| Q4 | 12.72 (5.63, 19.82) | < 0.01 | 14.38 (7.38, 21.37) | < 0.0001 | 12.69 (5.10, 20.28) | < 0.001 | 12.88 (5.28, 20.48) | < 0.001 |
| P for trend | < 0.01 | < 0.0001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Model 1: adjusted for age and sex. Model 2: model 1 plus race/ethnicity, family PIR, education level, serum cotinine level, BMI category, and past-year alcohol consumption. Model 3: model 2 plus diabetes and hypertension. Bold values indicate statistical significance (P < 0.05). PIR poverty income ratio, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval