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The selective ways Cr triggers alterations in autophagy. Cr regulates the mitochondrial proteins DRP1 and MFN2 via the SIRT1/PGC-1a pathway, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and excessive ROS production, which in turn inhibits the Akt/mTOR pathway. ER stress induced by Cr via the GRP78/p-PERK pathway can further induce autophagy. In addition, Cr can also activate SMPD2 or increase COX-2 to regulate autophagy
