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. 2023 Jun 30;14:3880. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-39648-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a 6–8 weeks C57BL/6 mice were immunized thrice at day 0, 7, and 14 with 15 μg RBD (RBD group), 12.5 μL aluminum adjuvant, and 15 μg RBD (Alum + RBD group), 60 mM tetrapeptide hydrogel and 15 μg RBD (YAWF + RBD group). Serum and splenocytes were collected on day 21. b Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) responses to serum samples (RBD-specific) at different dilutions. SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific IgG antibodies (IgG, IgG1, IgG2b, and IgG2c) were analyzed by endpoint dilution ELISA and measured as absorbance at 450 nm. The data were shown as the mean ± SEM (n = 6 biologically independent mice), and the p values were calculated by comparing RBD with YAWF + RBD using a one-way ANOVA test. c 7 days after the last immunization, splenocytes were collected and re-stimulated with RBD protein. The bars shown were mean ± SD (n = 6 biologically independent samples), and differences between RBD and other treatments were determined using a one-way ANOVA test. The secretion of IL-5 and IFN-γ in the splenocytes supernatants was detected using ELISA. d Optical images of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) treated with RBD-loaded tetrapeptide hydrogel (scale bar = 100 μm). e Flow cytometry analysis of BMDCs expressing CD83, CD80, and CD86. f The level of IL-6 and TNF-α in BMDCs culture supernatants were analyzed using ELISA. The data were shown as the mean ± SD (n = 3 biologically independent samples), and differences between RBD and other treatments were determined using one-way ANOVA test. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.