Fig. 2. The possible mechanisms of irAEs post COVID-19 vaccination in patients treated with ICI.

ICI induces T cells proliferation and enhances effect function, COVID-19 vaccination increases co-stimulation between antigen presenting cells and T cells receptors, which as a potential stimulator, which may induce the occurrence of irAEs. Increased cytokine release also involved immune events. CTLA-4 cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4, CRS cytokine release syndrome, IFN interferon, IL interleukin, irAEs immune-related adverse events, MHC major histocompatibility complex, PD-1 programmed cell death protein-1, SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, T1DM type 1 diabetes.