| Arsenic |
-
•
Increased risk of type 2 diabetes and a significant increase in morbidity and mortality compared to unexposed area [32], [33].
-
•
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) e.g., atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and hypertension [34].
-
•
Respiratory diseases e.g., pulmonary tuberculosis, bronchitis, and lung cancer [35].
-
•
Neurotoxicity e.g., neuropsychological, neural, and nervous dysfunctions including language learning, executive functioning, memory, processing speed, mental retardation, and developmental disabilities [36], [37].
-
•
Renal dysfunctions including albuminuria, proteinuria, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) [38].
-
•
Cancers of internal organs including bladder, kidney, liver, lung, uterus, and prostate [39].
-
•
GI disturbances, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea [24].
-
•
Abnormal black-brown skin-pigmentation of the skin (melanosis) and skin lesions i.e. hardening of palms and soles or keratosis leading to hyperkeratosis and skin cancer [40].
-
•
Serious social implications, including social instability, social discrimination, ostracism, and marriage related problems, especially in developing countries like Bangladesh [36].
|
| Cadmium |
-
•
Diabetes and diabetes related kidney diseases [41].
-
•
CVDs including hypertension, stroke, heart failure, atherosclerosis, and peripheral arterial disease [42].
-
•
Respiratory complications including flu-like symptoms (chills, fever, etc.) followed by chest pain, cough, and dyspnea, bronchospasm and pulmonary edema, intra-alveolar hemorrhage, thrombosis, lung damage and inflammation, chronic rhinitis, bronchitis, even lung cancer [43], [44], [45].
-
•
Neurological alterations such as headache, lower attention span, learning disorder, hyperactivity, olfactory dysfunction and memory deficits, even neuronal cell death and cell signaling pathway disturbances [46].
-
•
Cancer of kidney and other renal dysfunctions such as nephrotoxicity and nephropathy, renal tubular and glomerular dysfunction, kidney stones, and renal failure manifested by aminoaciduria, glucosuria, hypercalciuria, hyperphosphaturia, polyuria, etc. [41], [47], [48], renal damage leading to bone lesions, reduced mineral density in bones and other effects of osteomalacia and osteoporosis [48].
-
•
Cancers of vital organs like prostate, urinary bladder, breast, and liver [43].
|
| Chromium |
-
•
Increased risk of CVDs [49].
-
•
Sneezing, watery nasal discharge, labored breathing, choking sensation in the throat, asthma and other respiratory distresses like chronic bronchitis, chronic irritation, chronic pharyngitis, and chronic rhinitis [50], [51].
-
•
Symptoms of dizziness, headache, and weakness [50].
-
•
Renal toxicities including acute tubular necrosis, acute renal failure, low molecular weight proteinuria, and CKD [52], [53].
-
•
Lung cancer and cancers of the nose and nasal sinuses [54], [55].
-
•
Type IV hypersensitivity reaction characterized by eczema; GI hemorrhage, vertigo, thirst, abdominal pain, and bloody diarrhea; and in severe cases, coma and death [56].
|
| Iron |
-
•
Insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and other conditions including gestational diabetes and prediabetes as well as obesity, MetS [57].
-
•
CVDs and arterial thrombosis [57], [58].
-
•
Respiratory and lung diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and asthma [59].
-
•
Neurological disorders e.g., epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [60].
-
•
Increased urinary iron excretion, renal iron deposition, kidney injury and kidney failure [61].
-
•
Different types of carcinomas such as prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, haematological cancers (leukaemias, lymphomas and myelomas such as multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma), head, neck, and renal cell carcinomas, and hepatocellular carcinoma [62], [63], [64].
|
| Mercury |
-
•
Insulin resistance, obesity, and MetS [65].
-
•
CVDs including dyslipidemia, hypertension and atherosclerosis [65], [66].
-
•
Pulmonary conditions including bronchitis, pneumonitis, and pulmonary fibrosis [25], [67].
-
•
Neurotoxicity that includes cognitive impairment, hearing loss, disequilibrium, constriction of the visual-field, memory problems, cerebellar ataxia, dysarthria, postural and action tremor [4], [68].
-
•
Renal toxicity, especially to renal tubules [69].
-
•
GI disturbances including abdominal pain, indigestion, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcers and bloody diarrhea [25].
-
•
Endocrine disruption [70], [71].
-
•
Reproductive toxicity [25].
|
| Nickel |
-
•
Prevalence of type 2 diabetes [72].
-
•
Increased risk of CVDs [73].
-
•
Respiratory diseases including asthma and bronchitis, inflammations in the respiratory tract and lungs, and lung fibrosis [74], [75].
-
•
Neurotoxicity, certain neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases, cognitive impairments, and mitochondrial dysfunctions [75], [76], [77].
-
•
Acute renal impairments including CKD and bone disorders [78], [79].
-
•
Cancer of the respiratory tract, lung cancer, and cancers of the nose and nasal sinuses [54], [75].
-
•
Inflammation of the digestive tract, and symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome [80].
-
•
Contact dermatitis and skin allergy [78].
-
•
Instant symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, vertigo, and irritation followed by delayed type symptoms like stiffness of the chest, constant cough, palpitations, sweating, tachycardia, visual disturbances, and weakness [74].
|
| Vanadium |
-
•
Increased risks of a variety of pathologies like hypertension, CNS damage and neurological disorders, bronchial hyper-reactivity, systemic inflammation, hyper-coagulation, and cancers [81], [82].
|
