Table 1.
Examples of Inflammation Signal Cascades Activated by Outer Membrane Vesicles.
| Bacteria Producing OMVs | OMVs-associated Cargo | Target Cell Sensors | Effect of Activation by OMVs |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| E. coli | LPS | TLR4-MyD88 | Inflammation | (98) |
| TLR4-TRIF | Inflammation | (98) | ||
| NLRP3 | Pyroptosis, Inflammation | (98, 102, 103) | ||
| caspase-4/11 | Pyroptosis, Inflammation | (98, 103, 104) | ||
| ? | Mitochondria | Apoptosis, Inflammation | (19) | |
| P. gingivalis | PG | NOD1, NOD2 | Inflammation | (105) |
| P. gingivalis | Lipopeptide/proteins | TLR2 | Inflammation | (106) |
| ? | NLPR3 | Pyroptosis, Inflammation | (107) | |
| ? | AIM2 | Pyroptosis, Inflammation | (107) | |
| T. denticola | Lipopeptide/proteins | TLR2 | Inflammation | (106) |
| ? | NLPR3 | Pyroptosis, Inflammation | (107) | |
| ? | AIM2 | Pyroptosis, Inflammation | (107) | |
| T. forsythia | Lipopeptide/proteins | TLR2 | Inflammation | (106) |
| ? | NLPR3 | Pyroptosis, Inflammation | (107) | |
| ? | AIM2 | Pyroptosis, Inflammation | (107) | |
| EHEC | LPS | TLR4 | Inflammation | (16) |
| flagellin | TLR5-MyD88 | Inflammation | (16, 108) | |
| hemolysin | Mitochondria | Apoptosis, Inflammation | (57, 109) | |
| F. nucleatum | FomA | TLR2 | Inflammation | (14) |
| A.actinomycetemcomitans | RNA | TLR8 | Inflammation | (110) |
| PG | NOD1, NOD2 | Inflammation | (105) | |
| M. catarrhalis | DNA | TLR9 | Inflammation, IgM secretion | (111) |
| H. pylori | PG | NOD1 | Inflammation | (112) |
| P. aeruginosa | ? | NLPR3 | Pyroptosis, Inflammation | (19, 113, 114) |
| PG | NOD1 | Inflammation | (112) | |
| flagellin | NLRC4 | Pyroptosis, Inflammation | (102) | |
| LPS | caspase-5/11 | Pyroptosis, Inflammation | (98, 114) | |
| ? | Mitochondria | Apoptosis, Inflammation | (19) | |
| N. gonorrhoeae | ? | NLPR3 | Pyroptosis, Inflammation | (19) |
| PG | NOD1 | Inflammation | (112) | |
| PorB | Mitochondria | Apoptosis, Inflammation | (115) | |
| V. cholerae | PG | NOD1, NOD2 | Inflammation | (113) |
| UPEC | ? | NLPR3 | Pyroptosis, Inflammation | (19) |
| B. pertussis | LPS | NLPR3 | Pyroptosis, Inflammation | (116) |
| caspase-11 | Pyroptosis, Inflammation | (98, 116) | ||
| S. typhimurium | LPS | TLR4-MyD88/TRIF | Inflammation | (100) |
| flagellin | NLRC4 | Pyroptosis, Inflammation | (102) | |
| LPS | caspase-11 | Pyroptosis, Inflammation | (98) | |
| E. tarda | hemolysin-LPS | caspase-4/11 | Pyroptosis, Inflammation | (19) |
| S. flexneri | LPS | caspase-11 | Pyroptosis, Inflammation | (98) |
| A. baumannii | OmpA | TLR2 | Inflammation | (15) |
| NLPR3 | Pyroptosis, Inflammation | (15) | ||
| Mitochondria | Apoptosis, Inflammation | (15) | ||
| B. fragilis | PG | TLR2 | Inflammation | (99) |
| LPS | TLR4 | Inflammation | (99) | |
| RNA | TLR7 | Inflammation | (99) |
?, unclear or not known.