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Number of papers in each category
| Categories of ‘how’ initiative was instigated | # of papers | % |
|---|---|---|
| Policy | 178 | 11% |
| Collaboration | 181 | 11% |
| Service Reform | 247 | 15% |
| Law | 91 | 6% |
| City Health (or other) Department | 163 | 10% |
| WHO Healthy Cities | 51 | 3% |
| National or Philanthropic | 68 | 4% |
| Fiscal / Financial levers | 38 | 2% |
| Research | 55 | 3% |
| WHO (but not Healthy Cities) | 6 | 0% |
| Stanford 5 City Project | 7 | 0% |
| Not stated | 529 | 33% |
