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. 2023 Jul 1;9:215. doi: 10.1038/s41420-023-01532-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Currently, NSCs can be obtained from three ways: isolate from primary CNS tissues, mainly including adult and fetal brain tissue; differentiate from pluripotent stem cells, including iPSCs and ESCs; transdifferentiate from somatic cells, such as blood cells and fibroblasts. NSCs derived from these three sources can be further processed in vitro to control their fate after transplantation in NDs models, thus replacing the lost cells. In NDs, NSCs can be induced to differentiate into DA neurons after transplantation in a PD model, MSNs after transplantation in a HD model, cholinergic motor neurons after transplantation in an ALS model, and oligodendrocytes after transplantation in a MS model. In acute neurodegeneration, NSCs can be induced to differentiate into cortical glutaminergic neurons or oligodendrocytes after transplantation in ischemic stroke models. After transplantation, pretreated NSCs can mature in the host, stably express specific phenotypes, and integrate into neural circuits to improve the symptoms of ND models. ALS Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, CNS central nervous system, DA dopamine, ESC embryonic stem cell, HD Huntington’s disease, IPSC induced pluripotent stem cell, MS multiple sclerosis, MSN medium spiny γ-aminobutyric acid–mediated neurons, ND neurodegenerative disease, NSC neural stem cell, PD Parkinson’s disease.