Table 3.

Fasting blood markers and insulin sensitivity indices.

	Condition	Baseline	Intervention	Recovery
Fasting Blood Markers
Glucose (mg/dL)	SR	84.8±1.9	82.5±2.3	82.2±1.6 *
	SREX	84.1±2.2	83.0±2.1	80.9±1.4 *
Insulin (μIU/mL)	SR	12.7±1.7	14.4±3.5	11.2±1.8 *
	SREX	13.4±2.0	9.9±1.3	10.9±1.5 *
C-peptide (mg/dL)	SR	1,175±71	1,194±140	1,237±168
	SREX	1,338±177	952±82	991±83
NEFA (mmol/L)	SR	0.29±0.03	0.42±0.05 *†	0.28±0.03
	SREX	0.33±0.05	0.40±0.05 *†	0.30±0.03
TNFα (pg/mL)	SR	2.9±0.3	2.8±0.4	2.9±0.3
	SREX	2.5±0.2	2.6±0.2	2.3±0.3
IL-6 (pg/mL)	SR	3.1±0.5	3.6±0.9	4.0±1.1
	SREX	2.6±0.7	3.0±0.8	2.7±0.8
Mixed Meal Test AUCs
C-peptide (mg/min/dL)	SR	485,242±32,811	511,181±37,813	469,063±27,041
	SREX	511,595±38,647	475,664±35,990	483,768±33,819
Insulin Sensitivity Indices
HOMA-IR	SR	2.7±0.4	3.0±0.7	2.3±0.4 *
	SREX	2.8±0.5	2.0±0.3	2.2±0.3 *
Matsuda	SR	5.3±0.9	5.2±0.9d	6.2±1.0
	SREX	5.3±1.1	5.8±0.9	5.6±0.8

Data are mean ± SEM. GLP-1, glucagon like peptide-1; GIP, gastric inhibitory polypeptide; NEFA, nonesterified fatty acid; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha; IL-6, interleukin 6; HOMA-IR; homeostatic model of assessment of insulin resistance.

Main effect of study day:

^*p<0.05 vs. baseline;

^†p<0.05 vs. recovery.

Post hoc:

^ap<0.05 vs. recovery (within condition);

^dp<0.05 vs. recovery (within condition).