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. 2023 Jun 5;13(3):557–598. doi: 10.21037/cdt-22-438

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2023 Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy. All rights reserved.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0.

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Statistical distribution (A) publications per year, (B) types of DL paradigm, (C) types of DL algorithms for CVD risk stratifications, (D) types of performance evaluation metrics. DL, deep learning; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HDL, hybrid deep learning; SDL, solo deep learning; ANN, artificial neural network; DNN, deep neural network; FNN, feedforward neural network; FNCNN, fourier CNN; CNN, convolutional neural network; CFNet, context fusion network; DICE, coefficient; FPR, false-positive rate; ACC, accuracy; Sen, sensitivity; Spec, specificity; NPV, negative predictive value; PPV positive predictive value.