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. 2023 Jun 5;13(3):557–598. doi: 10.21037/cdt-22-438

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2023 Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy. All rights reserved.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0.

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Left: atherosclerosis progression consisting of (a) endothelium dysfunction and lesion initiation, (b) formation of a fatty streak, (c) formation of fibrous plaque underlying fibrous cap, and (d) rupture and thrombosis. Right: ultrasound scanning of the carotid artery (both images courtesy of AtheroPoint™, Roseville, CA, USA) (Open Access) (9,11,13,80,110-118). oxLDL, oxidized low-density lipoprotein; SMC, smooth muscle cell.