Table 1. Summary of studies exploring the anti-inflammatory properties of HPE.

Author and year	Experiment	Results
Parida et al. 2019 (47)	HPE on mitigating the effects of B[a]P neuronal damage in hippocampi of Wistar pups	HPE mediate reduction in inflammatory markers NF-κB, TNF-alpha, and IL-2
Yamauchi et al. 2017 (48)	HPE in preventing non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in wild-type C57BL/6J mice	Less fibrosis, decrease in TNF-alpha, decrease in MMP-9, and less oxidative stress in the perivascular hepatic regions
Samiei et al. 2016 (49)	HPE in preventing amiodarone induced pulmonary fibrosis in Sprague-Dawley rats	28% percent reduction in alveolar septum thickness and less lung inflammation in groups treated with HPE

HPE, human placental extract; B[a]P, Benzo(alpha)Pyrene; NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B; TNF-alpha, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL-2, interleukin-2; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase.