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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jul 3.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Virol. 2022 Sep 29;9(1):437–450. doi: 10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-065806

Table 2.

Laboratory animal models of Rift Valley fever neurologic disease

Species/Strain Rift Valley fever virus strain; route of infection Neurological manifestation(s) Reference(s)
Mice
C57BL/6J RVFV-DelNSs; IN Early-onset neurologic signs, development of meningoencephalitis 35
BALB/c ZH501; SC Delayed-onset encephalitis in mice surviving acute liver disease 36
ZH501; AERO Earlier neuroinvasion in AERO-infected mice compared to SC infection 37
ZH501; IC Rapid development of neurologic symptoms including paralysis and convulsions 38
STAT-1 knockout MP-12; IN Cage circling, head pressing 39
Rats
Lewis (LEW/SsNhsd) ZH501; AERO Circling or rolling in cage, head tilt, unsteady gait 40,41
August-Copenhagen-Irish (ACI/SegHsd) ZH501; AERO Circling or rolling in cage, head tilt, unsteady gait 40
Nonhuman primates
African green monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops) ZH501; AERO Fever, drooling, ataxia, horizontal nystagmus, head pressing, seizures 42,43
Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) ZH501; AERO Biphasic fever, ataxia, tremors, seizures 42,44
ZH501; SC, IN Late-onset encephalitis in SC inoculation; lethal encephalitis in all IN-inoculated animals 44
Other
Ferret (Mustela purotius furo) ZH501; ID, IN Fever, head tilt (ID), ataxia, seizures/tremors, hind-limb weakness (IN) 45
Gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) ZH501; SC, IC Hind-limb paralysis; focal necrotizing encephalitis observed by IHC 46

Abbreviations: AERO, aerosol; IC, intracranial; ID, intradermal; IHC, immunohistochemistry; IN, intranasal; SC, subcutaneous.