Table 5.

Gaming disorder and/or proxy associated with video game reward and punishment sub-features

Structural Characteristic	Positive		Unrelated		Negative
	Related to GD	Related to Proxy of GD	Related to GD	Related to Proxy of GD	Related to GD	Related to Proxy of GD
General Reward Type Features	Aggarwal et al. (2020) Karlsen (2011) # King et al. (2018) Lee et al. (2020) Lewis (2016)	Banks (2015) # Cruz et al. (2017) # de Albuquerque and Fialho (2015) Dietrich et al. (2018) # Finserås et al. (2019) Goh et al. (2017) Herodotou et al. (2015) # Hsu and Wang (2018) King et al. (2018) Laffan et al. (2016) Land (2015) # Lee et al. (2020) Lewis (2016) McKernan et al. (2015) Nadolny et al. (2017) Tavakkoli et al. (2014) Westwood and Griffiths (2010) Wood et al. (2004) Wood et al. (2007) Yang and Quadir (2018)		Cruz et al. (2017) #
In-Game Currency			Columb et al. (2020)
Random Chance Purchases/Loot Banks	Brooks and Clark (2019) Carey et al. (2021) Columb et al. (2020) Drummond et al. (2020) Ide et al. (2021) King et al. (2020) Li et al. (2020)	Brooks and Clark (2019) King et al. (2020) Li et al. (2020)
Punishment Features		Finserås et al. (2019) Laffan et al. (2016)
Intermittent Rewards		Dietrich et al. (2018) # Land (2015) # Nadolny et al. (2017) Westwood and Griffiths (2010)
Payout Intervals
Negative Reward Features	Columb et al. (2020)	Chumbley & Griffiths (2006)
Near Miss Features	Karlsen (2011) #	Finserås et al. (2019) Quick & Atkinson (2014)
Event Frequency Features	King et al. (2010)	King et al. (2010)
Event Duration Features	Hussain & Griffiths (2014) #	Hussain & Griffiths (2014) # Wood et al. (2004)
Meta-Game Rewards	King et al. (2010)	Cruz et al. (2017) # King et al. (2010) Westwood and Griffiths (2010)
Size of Reward		Finserås et al. (2019)
Does Not Fall In Sub-Feature Category	Aggarwal et al. (2020) Hull et al. (2013) Lewis (2016)	Dietrich et al. (2018) # Hull et al. (2013) Lewis (2016)

Note: “#” indicates studies being qualitative in nature.