Table 1.

Molecules and pathways involved in inflammatory responses in TMJ OA.

Main Factors	Pathways	Effect on Inflammation	References
CRP	–	Aggravation	4
IL-17a	NF-κB, PI3K/Akt	Aggravation	6
IL-1β	Pin1/NF-κB Wnt5a	Aggravation	7, 8, 9,13
COX2	–	Aggravation	10
PGE2	–	Aggravation	11
MIP-3	MAPK, NF-κB	Aggravation	12
HMGB1	–	Aggravation	14
TLR4/MyD88	NF-κB p38 MAPK	Aggravation	15,16
HDAC(10)	NF-κB	Aggravation	17,18
BRD4	–	Aggravation	19
LncRNA HOTAIR	–	Aggravation	20
LncRNA AK094629	MAPK	Aggravation	21
miR-1246	Wnt/β-catenin	Aggravation	22
hsa_circ_0000448	–	Aggravation	23
Connexin 43	–	Aggravation	24
Leptin	JAK/STAT3, PI3K/Akt, p38 MAPK	Aggravation	25
Estrogen	NF-κB	Aggravation	26,27
SDF-1	–	Aggravation	28
Dkk-1	Wnt/β-catenin NF-κB	Aggravation	29
p38 MAPK	p38 MAPK	Aggravation	30
IL-37	ERK, JNK, NF-κB, p38	Inhibition	31,32
miR-146-5p	–	Inhibition	33
Progesterone (P4)	NF-κB	Inhibition	34
Bmal1	MAPK/ERK	Inhibition	35
15d-PGJ2	–	Inhibition	36
p21	–	Inhibition	37

Abbreviations: CRP: C-reaction protein; IL: interleukin; NF-κB: nuclear factor-kappa B; PI3K: phosphoinositide-3 kinase; Akt: protein kinase B; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; Pin1: peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1; HMGB: high mobility group box; TLR: toll-like receptor; SDF-1: stromal cell-derived factor 1; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinases; JAK: Janus kinase; STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; ERK: Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase.