Table 3.

Molecules and pathways involved in apoptosis in TMJ OA.

Main Factors	Pathways	Effect on Apoptosis	References
LncRNA PVT1	–	Aggravation	63
LncRNA HOTAIR	–	Aggravation	20
CircRNA GCN1L1	–	Aggravation	64
miR-15b	–	Aggravation	65
miR-101a-3p	–	Aggravation	66
mTORC1	–	Aggravation	67
β-catenin	Wnt/β-catenin	Aggravation	68
Ihh	Ihh	Aggravation	69
p21	–	Inhibition	37
Smad3	TGF-β/Smad3 S1P/S1P3	Inhibition	52
Mettl3	m6A/Ythdf1/Bcl2	Inhibition	70

Abbreviations: mTORC: mammalian target of rapamycin complex; EIF2AK3: ukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3; TGF-β: transforming growth factor beta; S1P: sphingosine-1-phosphate; mettl3: m6A regulators like methyltransferase-like 3; Ythdf1: YT521-B homology (YTH) domain-containing proteins 1; m6A: N6-methyladenosine.