Table 6.
Potential therapeutic procedures towards molecules involved in TMJ OA.
| Therapeutic Procedures | Main Factors Affected | Pathways | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exosome | miR-100-5p | – | Attenuating inflammation and ECM degeneration | 95 |
| BMSC EVs | ATX, YAP | HIPPO | Inducing cartilage reconstruction | 96 |
| Exosome | miR-27b-3p | – | Inhibiting M1 polarization | 97 |
| LIPUS | ZNT-9 | – | Attenuating ECM degeneration | 98 |
| LIPUS | HIF-1α, HIF-2α | – | Attenuating inflammation and ECM degeneration | 99 |
| Curcumin | Nrf2, ARE | Nrf2/ARE | Attenuating inflammation and oxidative stress | 100 |
| Hyaluronic acid (HA) | NLRP3 | – | Attenuating inflammation | 101 |
| Yohimbine | Ikkβ, p65 | NF-κB | Attenuating inflammation | 102 |
| Methylprednisolone | TNF-α, CRP | – | Attenuating inflammation | 103 |
| Glycyrrhizin | HMGB1 | NF-κB/Akt | Attenuating inflammation | 104 |
| RAGE/TLR4 | ||||
| Genistein | p65 | NF-κB | Attenuating inflammation | 105 |
| Resveratrol | COX2, p65 | NF-κB | Attenuating inflammation and apoptosis | 106 |
| Etanercept | HIF-2α, EF5 | – | Attenuating pain and hypoxia | 107 |
| Rapamycin | IL-1β, mTOR, LC3 | Wnt/β-catenin | Enhancing autophagy | 71 |
| Rebamipide | RANKL | NF-κB, MAPK | Inhibiting oxidative stress and osteoclast | 108 |
| Strontium ranelate | β-catenin | Wnt/β-catenin | Promoting chondrogenesis | 109 |
Abbreviations: mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; BMSC: bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell; EV: extracellular vesicles; ATX: autotaxin; CSF: colony-stimulating factor; ZNT: zinc transporter; MTF: metal responsive transcription factor; HIF: hypoxia-inducible factor; NF-κB: nuclear factor-kappa B; HMGB: high mobility group box protein; Akt: protein kinase B; RAGE: receptor for advanced glycation end products.