TABLE 1.

Demographic, sociocultural, and clinical characteristics of children with DLD and TLD in each of the three age groups.

Variable	DLD	TLD	ES	P-value
4-year-old [n = 240; DLD: n = 84 (35%), TLD: n = 156 (65%)]
Demographic and sociocultural
Age (month)	53.0 (3.7)	53.2 (3.2)	0.06N	0.200
Sex (female)	35 (42%)	77 (49%)	0.07N	0.255
Maternal education (years) (nDLD = 80; nTLD = 150)	11.7 (3.8)	12.3 (4.1)	0.15N	0.235
Cognitive and language development
KABC-II (score) (nDLD = 77; nTLD = 123)	100.3 (9.6)	104.3 (10.6)	0.39S	0.007
BESA (%)	50.8 (19.0)	83.8 (10.1)	2.51L	< 0.001
PU (%)	35.2 (22.5)	13.6 (13.0)	1.37L	< 0.001
5-year-old [n = 225; DLD: n = 59 (26%), TLD: n = 166 (74%)]
Demographic and sociocultural
Age (month)	65.4 (3.3)	65.7 (3.5)	0.09N	0.587
Sex (female)	21 (36%)	67 (40%)	0.04N	0.519
Maternal education (years) (nDLD = 56; nTLD = 162)	10.9 (3.6)	12.4 (4.0)	0.38S	0.012
Cognitive and language development
KABC-II (score) (nDLD = 55; nTLD = 124)	100.3 (9.6)	101.3 (11.0)	0.09N	0.520
CELF-SR (score: 1–18)	8.6 (2.9)	13.1 (2.2)	1.91L	< 0.001
CELF-WS (score: 1–18)	7.6 (2.9)	12.7 (2.6)	1.92L	< 0.001
PU (%)	41.3 (22.2)	12.8 (9.8)	2.24L	< 0.001
6-year-old [n = 215; DLD: n = 42 (19%), TLD: n = 173 (80%)]
Demographic and sociocultural
Age (month)	77.0 (3.4)	77.5 (3.8)	0.13N	0.459
Sex (female)	13 (31%)	74 (43%)	0.10N	0.161
Maternal education (years) (nDLD = 41; nTLD = 164)	9.5 (4.1)	10.9 (3.8)	0.36S	0.054
Cognitive and language development
KABC-II (score) (nDLD = 42; nTLD = 125)	98.4 (10.1)	104.5 (10.7)	0.58M	0.001
CELF-SR (score: 1–18)	7.4 (2.8)	12.6 (2.3)	2.11L	< 0.001
CELF-WS (score: 1–18)	6.7 (3.0)	12.2 (2.2)	2.30L	< 0.001
PU (%)	44.0 (24.4)	12.7 (9.6)	2.29L	< 0.001

Data were summarized by mean (standard deviation), except the variable “sex” reported in the number of cases (percentage). ES, effect size.