Table 2.
Detailed Information About the Interventions
| Author (Year); Ref No. | Intervention/Duration | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Kemper (2017);22 | Three 1h online mindfulness modules |
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| 2. Dobkin (2016);23 | 8-week MBSR + 1-day retreat 2.5h per class on a weekly basis for 8 consecutive weeks |
MBSR is a systematic approach to group mindfulness training. Classes opened with meditation practice, and included mindful movement, sitting and body scan meditations; specific exercises were extended as homework. Two classes focused on stress management and three included exercises to enhance communication skills. Group discussions were encouraged. |
| 3. Kemper et al (2015);24 | Mind-body skills (MBS) training 12 1h online modules |
3 modules for each of 4 types of mind-body skills: (1) Focused attention meditation (relaxation response); (2) Mindfulness; (3) Guided imagery and hypnosis (including autogenic training); and (4) Positive affect-generating meditation (such as gratitude and loving-kindness). The participants were allowed to complete the modules in any number, any order, and in any combination. |
| 4. Goodman et al (2012);25 | 8-week MBSR + 1-day retreat | 4 types of formal mindfulness practices were taught (body scan, mindful movement, walking meditation, sitting meditation). Each class had a topic: (1) Overview of mindfulness; (2) Applying mindfulness in everyday life; (3) Mindful movement; (4) Applying mindfulness to challenging situations; (5) Mindful communication; (6) Practising appreciation; (7) Compassion meditation; (8) Review. |
| 5. Asuero et al (2015);26 | 8-week mindfulness training + 1-day retreat | Each weekly session included four types of activities: (1) Educational presentation of different topics; (2) Formal mindfulness meditation; (3) Narrative and appreciative inquiry exercises; (4) Discussion. |
| 6. Sallon et al (2015);27 | Caring for caregivers (CCG) 8 months of workshops (30 weekly sessions – 2.25 hours/week + a final full-day workshop) | Five components of CCG intervention: (1) Cognitive (mindfulness training); (2) Somatic (body awareness-relaxation; mindful movement and postural alignment); (3) Emotive-expressive (drawing/journalling/listening circle); (4) Dynamic-interactive (movement/interactive dance); and (5) Hands-on (acupressure/shiatsu). |
| 7. Moody et al (2013);28 | 8-week mindfulness-based course (initial 6h session;6 weekly 1h follow-up sessions; final 3h wrap-up session) | Primary focus on the experiential practices (body scan, sitting meditation, mindful movement, STOP technique (Stop, Take a breath, Observe, Proceed), “loving-kindness” meditation) and discussion about them, and 20% didactic information (cultivating awareness of body sensations, thoughts, and emotions during pleasant and unpleasant events; identifying perceptual biases and filters; exploring individual reactivity to stress; reflecting on meaningful experiences and practice; training in skilful listening and communication, exploring self-care). |
| 8. Abeni et al (2014);29 | “Balint group” modified according to a mindfulness technique 30 1h sessions |
This method promotes a group process of exploration and training based on reflection on the relational experience with patients, focusing on the development of attentive awareness of sensations, thoughts, and perceptions of reality at the time of the session. |
| 9. Lamothe et al (2018);30 | 8-week MBSR | MBSR as already described. Participants received a workbook and audio recordings of guided meditations to help them with home practice. |
| 10. Gracia Gozalo et al (2019);31 | 8-week mindfulness training Short practices (5–8 min) in the course of 8 weeks |
On Monday of each week, the participants received a text file via WhatsApp explaining the exercise, and an audio file that could be used for guided meditation. Each day the participants received a practice reminder message in the form of a motivating phrase, image or video. Session objectives: (1) introduction to mindfulness; (2) knowing attention and internal anchoring in breathing; (3) attention to the body; (4) attention to thoughts; (5) informal practice; (6) knowing techniques in movement; (7) knowing the potential in emotional regulation; (8) introduction to compassion. |
| 11. Suyi et al (2017);32 | Modified MBSR 6 weekly 2h sessions |
Topics: (1) introduction to practice; (2) perception and engaging with practice; (3) awareness of being stuck in one’s life and how to get unstuck; (4) reacting and responding to stress, exploring perceptions and thoughts; (5) mindful communication in stressful situations; (6) cultivating kindness towards oneself and others. During the training, meditation practices were taught. Participants were asked to practise 30 min of formal meditation daily. |
| 12. Steinberg et al (2017);33 | 8-week mindfulness-based intervention (weekly 1h group session at the workplace during work hours) | Participants were asked to do 20-minute daily individual practices. |
| 13. Kemper et al (2015);34 | Online MBS (mind-body skills) training 12 1h modules |
4 general topics: (1) focused attention meditation (relaxation response); (2) mindfulness meditation; (3) positive affect meditation (positive or sacred word, gratitude, and loving-kindness/compassion meditation); (4) guided imagery/hypnosis (autogenic training; guided imagery to prepare for surgery, procedures, or childbirth; and guided imagery for sleep and changing habits). |
| 14. Barattucci et al (2019);35 | IARA training programme 4 meetings for 8 hours Group training (18–22 participants per group) |
1st meeting: IARA principles, creation of a working group, developing awareness of here and now 2nd meeting: techniques of counselling, improving emotional awareness and patient-centred care 3rd meeting: SWOT analysis, creative imagination, IARA techniques 4th meeting: seven psychological types, planning changes, improving awareness of people’s qualities |
| 15. Janssen et al (2020);36 | 8-week MBSR + 1 day silence during working hours |
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