Table 1.
Nucleic acid-based methods for the detection of helminth infections
| Pathogens | Target genes | Detection methods | Types of sample | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| S. japonicum | SjR2 | PCR | Faeces | (Fung et al., 2012) |
| S. mansoni | 121-bp tandem repeat sequence | PCR | Sera | (Hussein et al., 2012) |
|
S. mansoni S. haematobium |
28S rDNA | PCR | Urine | (Sandoval et al., 2006) |
| S. haematobium | Dra 1 | PCR | Urine | (Ibironke et al., 2011; Lodh et al., 2014) |
| S. japonicum | COX1 | PCR | Sera and urine | (Kato-Hayashi et al., 2015) |
| S. japonicum | Repetitive retrotransposon SjCHGCS19 |
PCR | Serum | (Xu et al., 2017) |
|
T. saginata T. solium |
HDP2 | qPCR | Faeces | (Flores et al., 2018) |
| W. bancrofti | LDR | qPCR | Blood | (Plichart and Lemoine, 2013) |
|
A. lumbricoides A. duodenale N. americanus S. stercoralis T. trichiur |
ITS1, ITS2 | qPCR | Faeces | (Mejia et al., 2013) |
| S. japonicum | NAD6 and NAD1 | PCR and qPCR | Faeces | (Gordon et al., 2012) |
|
S. mansoni S. haematobium |
ITS2 | qPCR | Faeces | (Meurs et al., 2015) |
|
N. americanus A. duodenale A. ceylanicum A. caninum A. braziliense |
ITS2 | qPCR | Faeces | (Ngui et al., 2012) |
|
T. trichiura A. lumbricoides |
18S rDNA and ITS1 | qPCR | Faeces | (Liu et al., 2013) |
|
A. lumbricoides A. duodenale N. americanus S. stercoralis |
ITS1, ITS2 and 18S rDNA | Multiplex qPCR | Faeces | (Basuni et al., 2011) |
|
T. solium T. saginata |
COX1 | Multiplex PCR | Faeces | (Jeon et al., 2011) |
|
S. japonicum S. mansoni |
NAD1, 2, 6 and COX2 NAD5, 6 and COX2 |
Multiplex PCR | Faeces | (Gobert et al., 2005) |
|
F. hepatica A. tomentosa |
ITS-2 | Multiplex PCR | Water | (Rathinasamy et al., 2018) |
| Trichinella Spp. | ITS1 and ITS2 | Multiplex qPCR | Meat | (Almeida et al., 2018) |
| W. bancrofti | Repeated DNA sequence | Semi nested PCR | Urine and sera | (Ximenes et al., 2014) |
| W. bancrofti | Long direct repeat element (LDR) | ddPCR | Blood, vectors | (Jongthawin et al., 2016) |
| B. malayi | HhaI element | ddPCR | Blood, vectors | (Jongthawin et al., 2016) |
| S. japonicum | NAD 1 and SjR2 | ddPCR | Urine, faeces, salivary gland and serum | (Weerakoon et al., 2017a; Weerakoon et al., 2017b; Cai et al., 2019) |
| H. contortus, T. circumcincta and Trichostrongylus spp. | ITS2 | ddPCR | Parasite DNA | (Elmahalawy et al., 2018) |
| T. solium | HDP2 | Semi nested PCR | Cerebrospinal fluid | (Hernández et al., 2008) |
| S. japonicum | SjR2 | LAMP | Serum | (Xu et al., 2010) |
| S. mansoni | Mitochondrial minisatellite DNA | LAMP | Faeces | (Fernández-Soto et al., 2014) |
| S. stercoralis | 28S rDNA | LAMP | Faeces | (Watts et al., 2014) |
| C. sinensis | COX1 | LAMP | Faeces | (Rahman et al., 2017) |
|
T. trichiura N. americanus A. lumbricoides |
β-Tubulin | LAMP | Faeces | (Rashwan et al., 2017) |
| T. canis | ITS2 | LAMP | Faeces | (Khoshakhlagh et al., 2017) |
| E. multilocularis | COX1 | LAMP | Faeces | (Feng et al., 2017) |
| N. americanus | ITS2 | LAMP | Faeces | (Mugambi et al., 2015) |
|
B. malayi B. timori |
Hha I | LAMP | Blood | (Poole et al., 2012) |
| P. westermani | ITS2 | LAMP | Sputum and pleural fluid | (Chen et al., 2011) |
| S. haematobium | Dra 1 | RPA | Urine | (Rosser et al., 2015) |
| S. mansoni | 28S rDNA and ITS | RPA | Genomic DNA | (Poulton and Webster, 2018) |
| S. japonicum | SjAb | Immunosensor | Sera | (Nie et al., 2012) |
| S. mansoni | Genomic DNA | Genosensor | Urine, cerebrospinal fluid and serum | (Santos et al., 2019) |
| S. mansoni | Genomic DNA | Genosensor | Cerebrospinal fluid and sera | (Santos et al., 2017) |
| S. japonicum | S. japonicum circulating antigens | Immunosensor | Sera | (Cheng et al., 2008) |
| W. bancrofti | W. bancrofti epitope antigens | Immunosensor | Sera | (Prado et al., 2018) |