Table 2.
Seroprevalence of T. gondii antibodies in general human population from Egypt
| Population | Governorate | No. tested | No. positive (%) | Test | Important findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hospital patients and technical personnel | Cairo | 334 | 54 (15.6) | Skin test | High prevalence (21%) in older age >20 yrs than in younger 10–19 yrs (6.6%). No positives in children <9 yrs. 15/60 (25%) schizophrenic patients were positive | Rifaat and Nagaty (1959) |
| Students 10–14 yrs | Tahrir provincea | 87 | 12 (13.8) | Skin test | – | Rifaat et al. (1962) |
| Students >12 yrs | El Wady El Gadeed | 356 | 9 (2.5) | Skin test | – | Rifaat et al. (1963) |
| Different sources | Cairo | 505 | 156 (30.9) | IFA5 | High prevalence in 80 emigrants (37.5%) than 110 abattoir workers (30.9%) and 315 hospital attendants (24.4%). 19 had high Ab titres (1:256–1:1024), 147 had low titres (⩽1:64) | Maronpot and Botros (1972) |
| Healthy and hospital attendants of different ages (2–75 yrs) and sexes | Different governorates | 823 | 115 (14.0) | Skin test | Compatibility of the examined population using both tests was not given | Rifaat et al. (1975) |
| 1750 | 293 (16.8) | DT (1:16) | ||||
| Different sources | Dakahlia | 86 | 24 (27.9) | IHA2 | High prevalence in 21 butchers (38%), 29 poultry breeders (24%), 21 nurses (28.6%), 15 laboratory workers (20%) | Aboul-Enein et al. (1983) |
| Occupational workers | Sharkia | 130 | 15 (19.2) | IHA5 | 9 had high Ab titres (1:256–1:512), high rates in abattoir workers and butchers | El-Ridi et al. (1990) |
| Lactating women | Kalubiya | 70 | 22(31.4) | IFA2 | Antibodies in milk of 12 (17.1%) | Azab et al. (1992) |
| Abattoir workers | Gharbia | 21 | 11 (52.3) | IHA5 | 7 had 1:64 Ab titre, 3 had 1:256 and 1 had 1:512 | Ibrahim et al. (1997) |
| Hospital patients | Benha | 500 | 56 (11.2) | IFA | Random samples | Hamadto et al. (1997) |
| NS | Kalubiya | 152 | 88 (57.9) | ELISA | 16 (10.5%) had IgM | Hussein et al. (2001) |
| Blood donors | Dakahlia | 260 | 155 (59.6) | ELISA10 | Risk assessment | Elsheikha et al. (2009) |
| Housewives | Middle Delta | 70 | 13 (43.3) | ELISA-IgG23 | 8 (26.6%) had IgM. Of them, 1/23 in housewives wearing gloves during meat handling and 7/47 in non-glove-users | El-Tras and Tayel (2009) |
| Healthy people | Sharkia | 50 | 12 (24.0) | IHA1 | 2 (4%) had IgM | Awadallah (2010) |
| Blood donors | Dakahlia | 230 | 155 (67.4) | ELISA | 24 (10.4%) positive for IgG avidity | Azab et al. (2012) |
| Blood donors | Kalubiya | 300 | 101 (33.5) | ELISA11 | 93 had IgG, 10 had IgM (2 IgM, 8 IgG and IgM), 18 (6%) positive by PCR | El-Sayed et al. (2016a) |
| Blood donors | Alexandria | 150 | 98 (65.3) | ELISA8 | 15 (10%) positive by PCR (9 ELISA positive and 6 ELISA negative) | El-Geddawi et al. (2018) |
| Occupational workers | Cairo | 127 | 48 (37.8) | IFA3 | Workers from pig farms. 15 had high Ab titres (1:512–1:1024) | Barakat et al. (2011) |
| Humans in contact with chickens | Beni-Suef | 250 | 88 (35.2) | IHA1 | – | Aboelhadid et al. (2013) |
| Occupational workers | NS | 127 | 48 (37.8) | ELISA3 | 17/48 (35.4%) were PCR positive | Hassanain et al. (2013) |
| School children 6–16 yr | El Wady El Gadeed | 1615 | 13 (2.9) | OTRT | – | Bayoumy et al. (2016) |
yrs, year; Ab, antibody.
a
Now known as Beheira governorate.