Table 4.
Diagnosis of T. gondii associated abortion, complicated pregnancy and congenital infection in women from Egypt
| Population | Pregnancy stage | Governorate | No. tested | No. positive (%) | Test | Additional tests | Remarks | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IgM | PCR/blood | ||||||||
| Abortion | NS | Sharkia | 62 | 17 (27.4) | IFA1 | ND | ND | 3 had high Ab titre (1:1024), tachyzoites in histological section. No photographs were given | El-Ridi et al. (1991b) |
| Complication | 10 | 3 (30.0) | |||||||
| Complication | NS | Alexandria | 100 | 65 (65.0) | ELISA-IgG21 | ND | ND | – | Hammouda et al. (1993) |
| Repeated abortion | NS | Alexandria | 100 | 37 (37.0) | IHA | 19 (19.0) | ND | – | Sahwi et al. (1995) |
| Complication | NS | Kalubiya | 38 | 17 (44.7) | ELISA | 9 (23.7) | ND | – | Hussein et al. (2001) |
| Complication | NS | Dakahlia | 70 | 57 (81.4) | ELISA-IgG19 | 42 (60.0) | ND | Other complications causes were excluded | Soliman et al. (2001) |
| Abortion | NS | Kalubiya | 40 | 14 (35.0) | ELISA-IgG1 | 12 (30.0) | 8 (20.0) | IgG in 6 (40%) and 2 (13%) of neonates from abortion and early labour groups. | El Fakahany et al. (2002) |
| Early labour | 10 | 5 (50.0) | 3 (33.0) | 5 (50.0) | |||||
| CMF | 5 | 1 (20.0) | None | 3 (60.0) | |||||
| Abortion | 1st | Cairo | 40 | 16 (40.0) | ELISA-IgG | 10 (25.0) | 20 (50.0) | – | Abdel-Hameed and Hassanein (2004) |
| Abortion | 2nd | 33 | 10 (30.3) | 9 (27.2) | 16 (48.0) | ||||
| IUFD | 1st | 27 | 4 (14.8) | 3 (11.1) | 2 (7.4) | ||||
| Abortion | NS | Sharkia | 25 | 10 (40.0) | IHA1 | 3 (12.0) | ND | – | Awadallah (2010) |
| Complication | 1st, 2nd | Assiut | 100 | 17 (17.0) | ELISA-IgG2 | 22 (22.0) | ND | 5 had IgM only; they were primigravida with early abortions | Shatat et al. (2006)a |
| Abortion | NS | Dakahlia | 75 | 75 (100) | NS | 75 (100) | 58 (77.3) | Authors selected positive IgG and IgM cases only | Abo El Naga et al. (2008)a |
| Complication | NS | Zagazig | 100 | 62 (62.0) | ELISA-IgG20 | 47 (47.0) | 73 (73.0) | – | El Gamal et al. (2013) |
| Abortion | NS | NS | 56 | 34 (60.7) | ELISA-IgG3 | ND | 9/34 (26.5) | Seropositive cases only were PCR tested | Hassanain et al. (2013) |
| Abortion | 1st | Qena | 76 | 35 (46.1) | ELISA-IgG4 | 14 (18.4) | ND | A case had tachyzoites in placental sections. Illustrations are not clear. | Tammam et al. (2013)a |
| Abortion | 1st | Beni Suef, Cairo | 56 | 17 (30.4) | ELISA-IgG | 12 (21.4) | 18 (32.1)b | – | Hassanain et al. (2015) |
| 2nd | 30 | 8 (26.7) | 5 (16.7) | 10 (33.3)b | |||||
| 3rd | 15 | 7 (46.7) | 2 (13.3) | 6 (40.0)b | |||||
| CMF | – | 5 | 2 (40.0) | 1 (20.0) | 1 (20.0)b | ||||
| Complication | NS | Minia | 120 | 53 (44.1) | ELISA-IgG2 | 29 (24.1) | ND | Other abortifacient causes were excluded | Kamal et al. (2015)a |
| Complication | Different | Menoufiya | 92 | 48 (52.2) | ELISA-IgG5 | 9 (9.7) | 26 (28.6)b | IgG in aborted women (n = 73) was 63.9% IgG vs 42.9% in those who did not abort (n = 19) | Nassef et al. (2015)a |
| Abortion | NS | Kalubiya | 37 | 22 (59.5) | ELISA-IgG22 | 7 (18.9) | ND | Other abortifacient causes were excluded. The parasite was not detected in placental sections | Hussein et al. (2016) |
| Complication | Different | Zagazig | 100 | ND | NS | 51 (51.0) | 38 (38.0) | 35 had low IgG avidity | El-Settawy et al. (2016) |
| Complication | Different | Assiut | 182 | 97 (53.3) | ELISA-IgG8 | 52 (28.6) | ND | Mandour et al. (2017)a | |
| Abortion | 1st | Cairo | 139 | 62 (44.6) | ELISA-IgG2 | 4/77 (5.1) | 8/77 (10.2) | IgM and PCR on 77 IgG negatives | Abd El Aal et al. (2018) |
| Abortion | 1st | Cairo, Giza | 32 | 12 (37.5) | ELISA-IgG9 | 11 (34.3) | 11 (34.4)b | – | Barakat et al. (2018) |
| 2nd | 21 | 8 (38.1) | 8 (38.1) | 8 (38.1)b | |||||
| 3rd | 16 | 8 (50.0) | 6 (37.5) | 5 (31.1)b | |||||
| CMF | – | 4 | 2 (50.0) | 1 (25.0) | 3 (75.0)b | ||||
| Abortion | Different | Beni-Suef | 35 | 25 (71.4) | ELISA-IgG3 | Done | ND | Authors did not give a separate IgG and IgM prevalence | Hassanain et al. (2018a) |
Ab, antibody; ND, not done; NS, not stated; IUFD, intrauterine fetal death; CMF, congenital malformation.
Numbers in parenthesis are percentages.
a
Risk assessment, see Table 6.
b
DNA in the placenta.