Table 6.
Risk factors of T. gondii seroprevalence in human population in Egypt
| Population | No. tested | No. positive (%) | Risk factors | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Complication | 100 | 17 (17.0) | Rural areas and previous abortion | Shatat et al. (2006) |
| Complication | 75 | 58 (77.3) | 20–25 years old, urban areas, previous abortion and contact with soil | Abo El Naga et al. (2008) |
| Normal pregnant | 181 | 85 (47.0) | 36–40 years old, rural areas and various disorders | El-Gozamy et al. (2009) |
| Blood donors | 260 | 155 (59.6) | 30 years old or more, rural areas, bad hand hygiene, consumption of meat byproducts and unwashed vegetables, drinking municipal water, no education, and contact with cats, different animals and soil | Elsheikha et al. (2009) |
| Abortion | 100 | 30 (30.0) | Contact with soil and consumption of meat byproducts | Abd El-Ghany and Amin (2012) |
| Normal pregnant | 323 | 218 (67.5) | 30–39 years old, urban areas, low economic status, no knowledge about transmission modes, drinking raw milk, consumption of undercooked meat and unwashed vegetables, and contact with cats, farm animals and soil | El Deeb et al. (2012) |
| Abortion | 76 | 35 (46.1) | <25 years old, rural areas and multigravida | Tammam et al. (2013) |
| Normal pregnant | 100 | 71 (71.0) | 31–35 years old, previous abortion, contact with cats and soil, and consumption of raw milk and homemade cheese | Ahmed et al. (2014) |
| Complication | 120 | 46 (38.3) | 26–30 years old, rural area, low socioeconomic level, housewives, contact with soil, and consumption of undercooked meat and raw vegetables | Kamal et al. (2015) |
| Abortion | 92 | 48 (52.2) | 31–40 years old, rural areas, contact with cats and soil, and consumption of undercooked meat | Nassef et al. (2015) |
| Normal pregnant | 382 | 221 (57.9) | 35–44 years old, contact with cats and multigravida | Bassiony et al. (2016) |
| Normal pregnant | 300 | 46 (15.3) | 30–40 years old, rural areas, 3rd pregnancy trimester and workers | Abdel Gawad et al. (2017) |
| Normal pregnant | 57 | 22 (38.6) | >30 years old and no knowledge about transmission modes | Abou Elez et al. (2017) |
| Normal pregnant | 113 | 5 (4.4) | 17–25 years old, contact with soil and drinking unhygienic water | Elmonir et al. (2017) |
| Normal pregnant | 693 | 209 (30.1) | Previous abortion, contact with cats and soil, and consumption of undercooked meat | El-Shqanqery et al. (2017) |
| Normal pregnant | 350 | 165 (47.1) | 20–30 years old, living in rural areas, unhealthy houses, low socioeconomic level, contact with cats, handling raw meat and consumption of raw milk | Hussein et al. (2017) |
| Normal pregnant | 364 | 123 (33.7) | >25 years old, contact with cats, farm animals and soil, and consumption of undercooked mutton | Ibrahim et al. (2017) |
| Complication | 182 | 97 (53.2) | >30 years old, rural areas, contact with soil, consumption of undercooked meat or viscera and raw milk, and bad hand hygiene | Mandour et al. (2017) |
| Normal pregnant | 388 | 79 (20.4) | 35–39 years old, rural areas, contact with cats and farm animals, previous abortion, taking immunosuppressive drugs and consumption of raw vegetables | Hassanain et al. (2018a) |